✍ ✎ ✏
ENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
✑✒✓✒✔ ✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚ ✖✒ ✚✛ ✙✘✜
✕✢ ✕✙✕✣ ✜ ✕✙✕✣
✜ ✕ ✓✛
✤✒✓✒✔ ✕ ✖ ✗
✘✙✕✚ ✥✒✔ ✥ ✕✣ ✕✜ ✕
✦ ✑✒✓ ✒✔ ✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚
✖ ✒ ✚✛ ✙✘✜
✖✒✔✛✗ ✕✤✕✚
✤ ✒
✧ ✘✕
✓ ✕✚ ✖✒ ✚
y
✕✖✗ ✕✘✤ ✕✚ ✗ ✘✤ ✘
✔ ✕✚
★ ✗✒✔
✕✜ ✕✕✚
✕ ✓ ✕
✛ ✗✒✔ ✓ ✘✖
✥ ✕✚
✧ ✕✚
✖ ✒ ✙✕ ✙
✛ ✘
✓✛ ✙✘✜ ✕✚
✢✒ ✚ ✧
✕✚ ✖✒ ✚
✧ ✧ ✛ ✚ ✕✤ ✕✚
✥ ✕✣ ✕✜ ✕ ✜
✒✥ ✕
✧ ✕✘
✕✙✕ ✓ ✚
y
✕ ✦
✑✒✓✒✔ ✕✖
✗ ✘✙✕✚
✖ ✒ ✚✛ ✙✘✜
y
✕✚ ✧
✢ ✘✖✘✙✘✤ ✘
✜ ✘✜ ✩
✕ ✓✘
✢ ✕
✤ ✢
✘ ✗✒✔
✪ ✙
✒ ✣ ✕
✓ ✕✛ ✢ ✘✣ ✕✜
✘✙✤ ✕✚ ✢
✕ ✔ ✘
✜ ✒ ✜
✛ ✕
✓✛
y
✕✚ ✧
✢ ✕
✓✕✚ ✧
✥ ✒ ✧
✘ ✓✛
✜ ✕ ✫ ✕
★ ✓✒✓ ✕
✗ ✘ ✤✒✓✒✔ ✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚
✓✒✔ ✜
✒✥ ✛✓ ✢ ✘✣ ✕✜
✘✙✤ ✕✚ ✢
✕ ✔ ✘
✗✔ ✪
✜ ✒ ✜
✥✒ ✙✕ ✫ ✕
✔ ✬ ✭
✕ ✔ ✘
✧ ✕✚
★ ✮✯ ✰✱
✲
9
✳ ✦
✴ ✒ ✖
✥ ✒ ✙✕ ✫ ✕
✔ ✕✚
B
✕✣✕✜ ✕ ✵
✚ ✢
✪ ✚
✒ ✜ ✘✕ ✖
✒ ✙✘ ✗✛ ✓ ✘
✒ ✖ ✗
✕ ✓
✤✒✓✒✔ ✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚ ✥✒✔ ✥ ✕✣ ✕✜ ✕
★
y
✕✘ ✓✛
✬ ✮ ✳ ✤✒✓
✒✔ ✕✖
✗ ✘✙✕✚
✥✒✔✥ ✘
✶ ✕ ✔ ✕
★ ✬
✷ ✳
✖ ✒ ✚✢✒ ✚
✧ ✕
✔ ✤✕✚
★ ✬
✸ ✳
✖ ✒
✖ ✥
✕ ✶ ✕
★ ✢
✕✚ ✬
4
✖✒ ✚ ✛
✙✘✜ ✦
✹✕✙ ✘✚ ✘
✓✒✔✓✛ ✕✚
✧ ✢
✕✙✕✖ ✑✛ ✔ ✘✤
✛ ✙
✛ ✖ ✭
✘✚ ✧
✤ ✕ ✓
✺ ✕
✓✛ ✕✚ ✴
✒ ✚✢ ✘ ✢
✘ ✤ ✕✚
✑ ✭✺✴
, 2006
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j
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✤ ✕
n
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t
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m
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n m
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n
✢ ✕ ✗
✕
t
❀ ❁❂
y
❃❀ ❄❃❅❆❃ ❂ ❄❅❆❅ ❇❃ ❂
❈ ❁❉ ❃ ❇❃
❁❊ ❁ ❆ ❋
❅ ❊ ●❃ ❍
❃❀ ■ ❁❂❋❏❆
❋❏❍ ❅ ❈
❃ ❂❑ ▲ ❁❋❁❇
❃❀ ❄❅ ❍ ❃ ❂
❀ ❁❂❏ ❍
❅ ❈ ❈
❃ ❂▼❃ ❋ ❄❁❂ ❋
❅ ❂▼ ●❅❃
◆ ❃ ❇
❆ ❃ ❂ ❄
❃● ❃ ❈
❅ ❈ ❖
❃ ● ❃ ❍
❃❀ ❄ ❁
❀ ■❁❍
❃ ◆
❃ ❇
❃ ❂
B
❃P❃ ❈ ❃
◗ ❂●
❘ ❂❁❈
❅❃ ❆ ❃ ❇❁❂
❃ ●
❁❂ ▼ ❃ ❂
❀ ❁ ❀ ❅ ❍
❅❆❅ ❆
❁❋❁❇ ❃❀
❄ ❅ ❍
❃ ❂ ❀ ❁❂ ❏❍
❅ ❈
y
❃ ❂ ▼ ■❃❅❆
●❃ ❂ ■ ❁❂
❃ ❇❙ ❈
❅ ❈ ❖
❃ ●❃ ❄❃ ❋
❀ ❁❂
y
❃❀ ❄❃❅❆❃ ❂ ❄
❅❆ ❅ ❇ ❃ ❂ ❙
❄❁❇ ❃ ❈
❃❃ ❂ ❙ ❃ ❋
❃ ❏ ❄❁❇❋
❅❀ ■
❃ ❂ ▼ ❃ ❂
❀ ❁❍ ❃ ❍❏❅
❋❏❍ ❅ ❈
❃ ❂ ● ❁❂ ▼
❃ ❂ ❀ ❁❂ ▼▼ ❏❂❃❆❃ ❂
■❃P❃ ❈ ❃
❈ ❁■❃ ▼ ❃❅
❃ ❍ ❃ ❋❂
y
❃❑
D
❃ ❄❃ ❋ ●❅❆
❁ ❀ ❏❆ ❃❆❃ ❂
■❃P
w
❃ ❀ ❁❂ ❏❍
❅ ❈ ❀ ❁❇ ❏❄❃❆❃ ❂
❈ ❏❃ ❋❏ ❇
❃ ❂ ▼ ❆ ❃❅❃ ❂
❄❇ ❘
❈ ❁❈ ❀
❏❍ ❃❅
●❃ ❇ ❅
❀ ❁ ❀ ❅❆❅ ❇❆❃ ❂
▼❃ ▼ ❃ ❈
❃ ❂
y
❃ ❂ ▼ ❃❆❃ ❂
● ❅ ❈ ❃❀ ❄❃❅❆❃ ❂
❆ ❁❄
❃● ❃ ❄ ❁
❀ ■
❃ ❉ ❃
● ❁❂▼❃ ❂
❀ ❁❂ ❁❂❋❏❆❃ ❂ ❉
❃ ❇❃ ❀
❁❂ ▼❏ ❂▼ ❆ ❃ ❄
❆ ❃ ❂ ❃ ❋
❃ ❏ ❀
❁❂
y
❃ ◆
❅❆ ❃ ❂ ▼
❃ ▼❃ ❈ ❃ ❂
●❃ ❍ ❃❀
❇❃ ❂ ▼ ❆❃❅ ❃ ❂
❆ ❃ ❍ ❅❀ ❃ ❋
❑ ❚
❂❋❏❆ ● ❃ ❄
❃ ❋ ❀ ❁❂
❯ ❏❈ ❏ ❂
❃ ❋ ❃ ❏
❀ ❁❂▼
❘❘ ❇
● ❅ ❂ ❃ ❈
❅❆ ❃ ❂ ❅● ❁
● ❃ ❍ ❃❀
❆❃ ❍ ❅❀ ❃ ❋
❯ ❃ ❂▼
❍ ❘
▼❅ ❈ ● ❃ ❂
❋❁❇❄❃● ❏ ● ❃ ❍
❃❀ ■❃P❃ ❈
❃ ❋❏ ❍
❅ ❈ ❙ ❈
❅ ❈ ❖
❃ P ❃ ❇❏ ❈
● ❃ ❄ ❃ ❋
❀ ❁
❀ ❅ ❍ ❅P
❆ ❃ ❋ ❃
❃ ❋ ❃ ❏
●❅❆ ❈
❅ ❯
❃ ❂ ▼ ❋❁❄❃ ❋
,
❄❁ ❀ ❃❆❅❃ ❂
❁ ◆
❃❃ ❂ ❯
❃ ❂ ▼ ■❁❂❃ ❇
,
● ❃ ❂ ❄ ❁❂▼❏❃ ❈
❃❃ ❂ ❆ ❃❅●❃P
❋ ❃ ❋
❃ ■❃P❃ ❈
❃
,
❈ ❁❍ ❃❅ ❂
❅ ❋❏ ◆
❏ ▼ ❃
P ❃ ❇❏❈ ❀
❁ ❀❃P ❃❀❅
❋❁❂❋ ❃ ❂ ▼
❀ ❁❂❏ ❍
❅ ❈ ❯
❃ ❂ ▼ ■❃❅❆
❱❃ ❇ ❖❘
❋ ❘
●❃ ❍ ❃❀
▲❃ ❇ ❅❀ ❃P ❙
❲❳ ❨❩ ❬
151.
B
❁❇●❃ ❈ ❃ ❇
❆ ❃ ❂ ❄ ❁❂ ▼
❃❀ ❃ ❋ ❃ ❂
❃ ❖
❃ ❍ ❋❁❇
P ❃●❃ ❄ ❄❇
❘ ❈ ❁❈
❄ ❁ ❀ ■ ❁❍
❃ ◆
❃ ❇❃ ❂
B
❃P❃ ❈ ❃
◗ ❂
● ❘
❂ ❁❈ ❅❃
●❅ ❭
❱ ❪❫
23 B
❃ ❂●❃ ❇ ❴
❃❀ ❄ ❏❂ ▼
❆ ❁❍
❃ ❈ ❵ ◗◗◗
- D,
❆ ❁ ❀ ❃❀
❄❏❃ ❂ ❀
❁❂❏ ❍ ❅ ❈
❈ ❏❇ ❃ ❋
● ❅ ❂ ❃ ❈
❈ ❅ ❈
❖ ❃
❀❃ ❈ ❅P
❇❁❂●❃P ❙
●❃ ❂ P❃ ❈
❅ ❍❂ ❯
❃ ■❁❍❏❀
❀ ❁❂❉
❃ ❄❃❅ ▲▲ ❱
❯ ❃ ❂ ▼
●❅ ❋❁❂ ❋❏ ❆ ❃ ❂
❯ ❃❅ ❋❏
67,00. D
❃ ❍ ❃❀
❆ ❁▼❅❃ ❋ ❃ ❂
❄❁ ❀
■❁❍ ❃
◆ ❃ ❇❃ ❂
❋❁❇ ❈ ❁■ ❏❋
,
❄❁❂ ❁❍ ❅ ❋
❅ ❀
❁❂❁ ❀
❏ ❆ ❃ ❂
● ❃ ❇ ❅
◆ ❏❀ ❍
❃P
32
❈ ❅ ❈
❖ ❃
,
❂❅❍ ❃❅
❇ ❃ ❋
❃
-
❇❃ ❋ ❃
60,87.
❭ ❁❍
❃❀❃ ❄ ❇
❘ ❈ ❁❈
❄❁ ❀
■❁❍ ❃
◆ ❃ ❇
❃ ❂ ❙ ❈
❅ ❈ ❖
❃ ❀❃ ❈
❅P ❃●❃
❯ ❃ ❂ ▼
❄❃ ❈ ❅ ❊
,
❃❆ ❋ ❅ ❛❅ ❋
❃ ❈ P ❃ ❂
❯ ❃
❋❁❇■❃ ❋ ❃ ❈
❀ ❁❂● ❁❂ ▼ ❃ ❇❆ ❃ ❂
● ❃ ❂ ❀
❁❂❉ ❃ ❋
❃ ❋ ❀❃ ❋❁❇❅
.
❭ ❅ ❈
❖ ❃
❆ ❏ ❇ ❃ ❂ ▼
❀ ❁❂ ▼❏ ❃ ❈
❃❅ ●❅❆
❈ ❅
,
❆ ❏❇
❃ ❂ ▼ ❀ ❁
❀ ❃P❃❀ ❅ ❆❃❅● ❃P
❄❁❂ ❏❍ ❅ ❈
❃ ❂ ❆ ❃ ❋
❃ ❯
❃ ❂▼ ■ ❁❂
❃ ❇
❈ ❁❈ ❏❃❅
● ❁❂▼❃ ❂
E
❜❝❙
k u
r
❃
n
▼
m
❁❂ ▼
u
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❆ ❁❁❊❁
k t
❅ ❊❃
n
❆❃
l
❅
m
❃
t
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n
■❃P ❃ ❈ ❃
■❃❆ ❏❑ ❭
❅
sw
❃
t
❅●❃
k m
❃
m p
u
❞ ❡❢❣ ❤ ❢ ❣ ✐ ❥❦✐ ❥❢
❣ ❥
❣ ❥❧ ❥❢ ♠ ❥❢
❦♥ ✐
♥ ♦ ❥❢❢
y
❥ ❧ ❡♣❥
♦ ❥
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♦ ❤❢t ❤
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t ❤✐ t ❤q♥❧ ❥❢s
❧ ♥❧ ✇ ❥
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♠❥q❥ ❞
❞ ❡❢
❣ ❥❦
♦ ❡❧
♥❥❧ ♥ ✐ ❥❢
♥♠ ❡ s
❣ ❥❣ ❥❧ ❥❢ s
❦ ♥ ✐
♥ ♦ ❥❢ ❢
y
❥ ♠ ❥q❥
❞ ❧ ❡
✈ ❤ ❥✉
✐ ❥q♥
❞ ❥ t
y
❥❢❣ ✈
❥♥ ✐ s
✐ ❡
❞ ❤ ♠♥❥❢ ❞ ❡❢
y
❤❧ ❤❢ ❢
y
❥ ♠ ❥q❥
❞ ❦ ❥
♦ ❥ ❣♦
❥ ①②
B
❡ ♦
♠❥❧ ❥ ♦✐
❥❢ ❤♦ ❥♥❥❢
♠♥ ❥
t ❥❧ s
❦❡❢ ❡q♥ t ♥
✈ ❡
♦ ❤ ❧ ❥✉❥ ❞ ❡ ❢
❣ ❥ t
❥❧ ♥
❞ ❥❧
❥q❥✉ t ❡♦ ❧ ❡
✈ ❤t
♠❡❢❣ ❥❢ ❞ ❡
❞ ♥q♥✉
❧ ❥q❥✉ ❧
❥ t ❤
❞ ❡
t r♠ ❡ ♠ ❥
♦ ♥ ✈
❡ ♦ ❞ ❥♣❥
❞ ③
❞ ❥♣❥ ❞
❞ ❡
t r♠ ❡
y
❥❢❣ ♠♥
✈ ❥♣❥
♠ ❥ ♦ ♥
✈ ❡
♦ ✈
❥ ❣
❥♥ ✈
❤ ✐
❤ ❦❡❢ ❤❢④ ❥❢❣②
D
❥q❥ ❞
✉❥q ♥❢♥
❦❡❢ ❡q♥ t ♥
❞ ❡
❞ ♥q♥✉ ❞ ❡
t r ♠❡ ❦❡
❞ ✈
❡ ♦ ♥❥❢
t ❤ ❣
❥❧ ②
⑤ ❡q❡
✈ ♥✉ ❥❢
❞ ❡
t r♠ ❡ ❦❡
❞ ✈
❡ ♦
♥❥❢ t ❤❣ ❥❧
❥❢t ❥ ♦ ❥
q❥♥❢ ⑥⑦ ⑧
✐ ❡ t ❡
♦ ❥ ❞
❦♥q❥❢ ❞ rt r
♦ ♥
✐ ❥
t ❥❤ ❣ ❡
♦ ❥ ✐ s
❧ ❡❦ ❡ ♦t ♥
❞ ❡❢ ❤q♥❧ s
❞ ❡q❥
① ❥q ✐
❥❢ ✉❤♦ ❤①
♠ ❥❢ ✐
❥ t ❥
③ ✐ ❥
t ❥ ♠ ❥q❥
❞ ✐
❥q♥ ❞
❥ t
s ⑥
⑨ ⑧
❞ ❡ ❞
r t ♥
⑩ ❥❧ ♥
❧ ♥❧ ✇ ❥
♠❥q❥ ❞
❞ ❡q❥
✐ ❤✐ ❥❢ ❥
✐ t ♥ ⑩
♥ t ❥❧
✈ ❡q❥
④ ❥ ♦
♥❢♠ ♥ ⑩
♥♠❤ ❥q ❞
❥❤❦ ❤❢ ✐
❡q r❞ ❦ r
✐ s ⑥
❶ ⑧
♠ ❥❦❥ t
❞ ❡❢❣ ❡ ❞
✈ ❥❢❣✐
❥❢ ✐
❡ ❞ ❥❢ ♠♥♦ ♥❥❢
❧ ♥❧ ✇ ❥
♠♥ q❤❥
♦ ❦❡❢❣ ❥
w
❥❧ ❥❢ ❣ ❤♦ ❤s
⑥
4
♠ ❥❦ ❥ t
❞ ❡ ❞
✈ ♥❢❥
t ❥❢❣ ❣ ❤❢❣ ④ ❥
✇ ❥
✈ ♠ ❥❢
♠♥❧ ♥❦q♥❢ ❧ ♥❧
✇ ❥
, 5
♠❥❦ ❥ t
❞ ❡❢❣ ❡ ❞
✈ ❥❢❣✐
❥❢ ✐♦
❡❥ t ♥
⑩ ♥
t ❥❧ ❧ ♥❧
✇ ❥ ❷❥
❣ ❥q❥
, 2010
❸ ⑨
⑦ ❹
⑧
❺ ❡
n
❣ ❥
n
♠❡
m
♥ ✐
♥❥❢ s
k
❡
m
❥
m
❦❤ ❥
n m
❡
n u
l
♥
s
❦ ❥♠❥ ❧
♥
sw
❥
t
❥
m
❦ ❥
k n
y
❥
m
❡
m
❥
n
❣ ❦ ❡
rlu
♠ ♥ ❤ ❦❥
y
❥ ✐
❥
n
❥❣ ❥
r
❦❡
m
✈ ❡
l
❥
j
❥
r
❥
n m
❡
n u
l
♥
s
♠❥
p
❥
t t
❡
r
♣❥❦ ❥♥ ②
❻ ❡
r
♠ ❥❧ ❥
rk
❥
n
✉ ❥
l t
❡
r
❧ ❡ ✈
❤ ts
p
❡❢❡
l
♥
t
♥
m
❡
r
❥❧ ❥ ❦ ❡
n t
♥
n
❣
u n
tu k
m
❡
l
❥ ✐
❧ ❥❢ ❥
✐ ❥
n
❦❡❢ ❡
l
♥
t
♥❥
n t
❡
n t
❥
n
❣ ✐ ❡
m
❥
m
❦❤ ❥
n m
❡
n u
l
♥
s
♠❡❢❣ ❥
n m
❡
n
❡
r
❥❦✐ ❥
n m
❡
t
r ♠❡ ❦❡
m
✈ ❡
r
♥❥
n t
❤ ❣ ❥
s
✈ ❥♥
k
❧ ❡♣❥
r
❥ ✐ ❡
lo m
p o
k m
❥
u p
u n
❧ ❡♣ ❥
r
❥ ♥❢ ♠♥
⑩ ♥♠❤
❦❥♠ ❥ ❦ ❡
m
✈ ❡
l
❥
j
❥
r
❥
n
✈ ❥✉ ❥❧
❥ ❼❢ ♠r ❢❡❧ ♥❥
✐ ❡
l
❥
s
❽ ❼❼❼ ③
❺ ♠♥
❷ ❾ ❿➀
⑨ ❶ ❻
❥❢ ♠❥
r
➁ ❥
m p
u
❢ ❣
➂ ❥✉ ❤❢
❿ ❡
l
❥
j
❥
r
❥
n
⑨ ➃⑦ ➃
⑨ ➃⑦ ⑦
②
➄
. Rumusan Masalah
❻ ❡
r
♠ ❥❧ ❥
rk
❥
n l
❥
t
❥
r
✈ ❡
l
❥ ✐
❥❢ ❣
♠ ♥ ❥
t
❥❧ s
ru m
❤ ❧ ❥
n m
❥
s
❥
l
❥✉ ♠ ❥
l
❥
m
❦ ❡❢❡
l
♥
t
♥❥
n
♥❢♥ ❧ ❡
✈ ❥
❣ ❥♥
✈ ❡
r
♥
k u
t
② ❻
❥❣ ❥♥
m
❥❢ ❥
k
❥✉ ❦ ❡❢♥❢❣
k
❥
t
❥
n
✐ ❡
m
❥
m p
u
❥
n m
❡
n u
l
♥
s m
❡
l
❥
l
❤♥
m
❡
t
r♠ ❡ ❦ ❡
m
✈ ❡
r
♥❥
n tu
❣ ❥
s p
❥♠ ❥ ❧ ♥
sw
❥ ✐
❡
l
❥
s
❽❼❼❼
t
❥✉❤ ❢ ❦❡
l
❥
j
❥
r
❥
n
⑨ ➃ ⑦➃ ➅
⑨ ➃ ⑦⑦
②
C. Tujuan Penelitian