of the supreme leader of Iran. Meanwhile, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as the supreme leader is the one who gives doctrine and shape the mindset of society.
Thus, through this study, the researcher identifies the metaphorical expressions in the speech and finally discover the ideology that Khamenei hold.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to guide the subject under discussion, the problems in this study are formulated as follows:
1. What are the metaphorical expressions found in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s
July 18th 2015 translated speech? 2.
How do the metaphorical expressions found in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s translated speech reveal the ideologies?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study is conducted in order to answer two problems formulated from Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s July 18th 2015 translated speech related to nuclear deal
agreement. The first objective is to identify the metaphorical concept used in the speech. The analysis aims to identify the metaphorical expressions and the
metaphorical concept that it belongs to by using the theory proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson 1980 about the Conceptual Metaphor Theory CMT.
The metaphorical expressions found in the speech is classified into two parts: source domain and target domain.
The second objective is to reveal Khamenei’s ideologies from the metaphorical expressions used in the speech. Therefore, this study tries to
establish link between metaphorical expressions used by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as Iran’s Supreme Leader to his ideologies. Mapping theory in conceptual
metaphor will be used to describe analogical reasoning and infer the meaning of metaphorical expressions by relating it to the context found in the speech.
D. Definition of Terms
There are three important terms that will be defined which are Critical Discourse Analysis CDA, Ideology, and Metaphor. According to Gilbert Weiss
and Ruth Wodak, Critical Discourse Analysis CDA is a study that analyzes opaque as well as transparent structural relationship of dominance, discrimination,
power and control as manifested in language. In other words, CDA aims to investigate the social inequality that is constitued and legitimized 2003: 15. It
means CDA examines the discourse that occurs in particular events by checking the text or speech produced in that event with the conditions of society.
Fairclough 1995: 76 states that ideology is “a conception of the world
that is implicitly manifest in art, in law, in economic activity and in the manifestations of individual and collective life. Since it is implicit, it is impossible
to understand an ideology can exist without analysing the context of situation that this politician is facing and the condition of people that become the direct listener
of the politician’s speech. The ideologies are hidden under those circumstances. It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
is supported by Fairclough 1995: 82 which states that an ideology is disguised and become naturalized as common sense.
Metaphor is understood as a comparison of one thing reflected in another thing Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 5. It means that people understand, structurize,
perform, and talked about something abstract by using concept that they commonly understand. The expressions produced in metaphor are called
metaphorical expressions. It is strengthened by Newmark in his statement that:
A metaphorical expression is any figurative expression which has the transferred sense of physical word, the personification of an abstraction,
the way to describe one thing in another, polysemous words, and English phrasal verbs. It may only consist in one word or more such as in idioms,
collocation, allegory, sentence, and imaginative texts Newmark, 1988:104.
One of the examples of metaphorical expression is when Khamenei
states, “That they have made Iran surrender”. The word
surrender
is used to explain the result of negotiation process. In the context of war war vocabulary,
surrender
means a voluntarily action to hand over the power and admit the failure. It happens when one of the armed soldiers is defeated and both conflicted parties
agree to stop fighting. However, what Khamenei means is not a physical war where armed soldiers fight with each other, but a verbal war where Iran admit its
defeat in terms of argumentation during the negotiation process. Thus, argument is partially structured and talked in terms of war. The metaphorical concept is a
concept used in the metaphorical expression to describe things. In this case, argument is war can be understood as metaphorical concept.
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
An analysis about metaphorical expression is conducted by Alexander Spencer 2012 in his article
The Social Construction of Terrorism: Media, Metaphors, and Policy Implications
. Spencer analyses the possibility of using particular metaphorical expressions done by a British tabloid media to shape
society’s stance toward terrorism, and, the possibility that those metaphors may influence the policy making process related to terrorism act Spencer, 2012: 396.
One of the findings from his journal is the metaphorical expressions found in the British media tabloid named
The Sun
are part of conceptual metaphor, in which it is a cognitive linguistics where metaphors are more than just
a word Spencer, 2012: 398. He explains that metaphor is an abstract representation of one thing to another in which there is connection between source
domain and target domain. For example in creating the concept that terrorism is war,
The Sun
magazines describes the conf lict to resolve terrorism as ‘battles’,
‘warzones’, and ‘frontlines’. The terrorists are described as
‘suicide squads’ and ‘army’ Spencer, 2012: 396. In this case, the terrorists are portrayed as an organized military
operations in a bad way, therefore it has to be responded by military response in a good way by the British government. Thus, the metaphorical expressions used by
The Sun
magazine can justify the British Government action to send troops to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Afghanistan as an appropriate and justifiable response to the act of terrorism even though it costs lots of money and innocent life of Afghanistan civilians. The
analysis of Spencer contributes to this study in proving that metaphorical expressions can be used in justifying the ideology of particular actor, in this case
the British government who send military troops to Afghanistan to respond terrorism act.
The Sun
magazine helps British government to shape society’s mindset about terrorism, and how they should respond to that.
Thus, it also means that
The Sun
magazine has a hidden meaning in producing its news. The finding supports the initial assumption of this study that
metaphorical expressions may contain ideology of the actors. There are two differences between Spencer’s journal and this study. The first is in Spencer’s
journal, he scrutinizes how
The Sun
magazine shape society’s mindset about terrorism by using metaphorical expression. It means the journal uses
psychological factor of the readers. However, this study scrutinizes the use of metaphorical expression from linguistic factor to understand its appropriate
meaning. The second is Spencer’s journal analyzes media as discourse, meanwhile this study analyzes political speech as discourse.
Another study on metaphor is conducted by Adele E. Goldberg and Francesa M.M Citron 2014 with the title
Metaphorical Sentences are Emotionally More Engaging than Their Literal Counterparts
. This journal explains the reason why metaphorical expressions are more engaging is because
the moment people hear metaphorical expressions, the amygdala and the anterior portion of the hippocampus are more active compare with when the people hear
