Metaphorical Expressions in Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s Speech
Hence, effort is a tool to produce a product. In this case, the product is the nuclear deal agreement between Iran and P5+1 countries published on July 14
2015. Thus, the metaphorical concept that can be understood is AGREEMENT IS A PRODUCT. In product metaphor, it emphasizes the materials, tools or
equipments, process, and content to describe the abstract concept of agreement. Agreement itself is the meeting of interest between the parties involved that is
realized on a new binding treaty or convention. The materials of agreement are ideas, interests, and concerns of the actors
who contribute in making the agreement. In materials, the necessary informations or facts of opposing parties are also required to increase the bargaining position of
the parties whose interest want to be taken into account. The tools or equipments of the agreement are trusted negotiators who represent many voices of people,
wise strategy to obtain favorable results, commitment to treat other parties as friends rather than adversaries, and struggle win their own interest.
The process of agreement are conducted in form of negotiation. Thus, there is repeated meetings between participants, discussion and debates are also
performed to generate ideas, offer, and concern, find possible solution and common ground of the agreement, and invent options for mutual gain that satisfy
all participants involved. The process of agreement also covers the obstacles faced during the negotation such as the emotional ego and arrogant behavior from some
actors. The product of agreement is a joint decision manifested on a binding
contract or strong commitment on a convention. I covers the interest, right, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
responsiblity, rules, as well as the legal consequences if one party break the rules. The product can be produced if the negotiation process run succesfully. Thus, the
tools of the agreement is an important factor to produce the product. Thus, the word made is relevant to the tools schema in product metaphor
since it contains the semantic properties of produce physical object and cause something to exist. In comparison, the word do does not contain semantic
properties of produce physical object though it shares similar semantic properties such as carry out, and bring something into completion. It means there is no image
schemata projected through the word do. In conclusion, the word do is not relevant to the tools schema.
The word made preconceives the knowledge that effort is not only a strong commitment or intention, but effort is an action that can be witnessed by
others. It also preconceives the knowledge the bigger an effort is made, the possiblity of getting better result is also better. Making the effort is the first step
which not everyone has the willingness to do because it requires planned action and focus on specific things. Meanwhile, doing an effort does not require planned
action so the product may not be well qualified because focus is diversed and general. In other words, it is easier to do an effort than make it.
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei praise the hardwork of Iranian officials who create the agreement by metaphorically saying they ‘made great effort’. It entails
the notion that Khamenei trusts the Iranian officials to consider carefully through thorough plan about the fate of the development of nuclear industry in Iran. It
shows that Khamenei appreciates the commitment of Iranian officials who PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
succesfully convince the opposing parties P5+1 countries that Iran is not developing nuclear weapon that destruct the world peace. Instead, it is developing
nuclear industry to make better welfare for is society.thus, the success of nuclear deal agreement occur because the current officials make an effort. Factually, his
predecessors, for example Mahmud Ahmadinejad, fails to make the effort thus it makes Iranian society suffer from economic sanction.
Table 3. Semantic properties of
make
and
do
3.
“We expect that these officials take the interest –interests of the country,
interests of the people- into consideration ”
The word
take
has distinctive features in the semantic component that are [+follow something as right] and [+accommodate] in comparison with its closely
related words
carry
. The semantic domain of the word
take
and
carry
are getting into one’s possession. The distinctive features of the word
take
that are [+follow something as right] and [+accommodate] simplifies the complexity of
consideration. In order to convince the society that the nuclear deal agreement benefits them, Khamenei should portray that the Iranian officials prioritize Iranian
society’s necessity as neccessary to be accommodated and that is the right thing to do so. The implementation from this motivation is in the form of planned and
Make do
+ Carry out
+ +
Produce physical object -
+ Cause something to exist
- -
Perform something unspecified +
+ Bring into completion
+ +
Talk about plan -
structurized policy proposed during the negotiation. the word take can simplify the consideration process as something imaginable to the society.
In understanding the abstract concept of consideration, container metaphor can be used to treat consideration as a bounded physical space, or in
other words, container, so people can put something into it or get something out of it. Container as the source domain is used to highlight the content or substance of
target domain consideration. Consideration is related to human’s mind activity to think deliberately or
carefully before deciding upon something. It means people who do consideration gather as much information as possible from various resources such as books,
newspapers, people’s opinions, experience, etc. After that, the informations gathered are carefully reviewed and weighed on its plus and minus points, then
th e informations will be selected and extracted to be saved in the human’s mind,
so that when it is the time to make the decision, human use what has been stored in the mind as a guidance and reference. They also use it as stored information to
take actions and make judgments when it is necessary. In conclusion, the information help human function their life.
The word take is relevant toward substance schema in container metaphor because it is related to the action to select the substance to be put into
consideration container. It has the semantic properties follow something as right and accomodate. On the other hand, the word carry is not equipped with those
semantic properties eventhough it shares same semantic properties such as accept the burden and get i
nto one’s possession. Although both of them treat their object PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
as substance, but the word take specifically imply consistency and long term accomodation toward the objdect that they posses. Instead, the word carry does
not imply long term accomodation. It preconceives the knowledge that there is a process preceeding the
decision of oneself to take something. The process itself is a thorough research and willingness to gather as much information as possible in order to prevent
regret and dissappointment in the future. In this case, various interest are treated as information or content in which people have to select the best of it. In the
source domain, interest is the substance. Khamenei metaphorically say the Iranian officials take the interest of
Iranian people specifically to ensure his listener, in this case the Iranian people, that the establishment of nuclear deal agreement is within the control of Iranian
officials because they prioritize the society’s interest rather than the adversaries’ interest. it implies the notion that the interest of society to get better life and
welfare through this agreement is prioritized than other interest such as creating better diplomatic relationship with foreign countries and showing more active
participation toward global security. Factually, the agreement of nuclear deal get many confrontation from
Iranian society because they are afraid that Western countries will tresspass their sovereignity though they believe the agreement will heal their economic condition
that is bad because of the economic sanction. Thus, Khamenei calms the society that this agreement will bring only benefit to Iran because in the negotiation
process, the Iranian officials only consider the interest of Iranian society rather than other interest.
Table 4. Semantic properties of
take
and
carry
4.
...”into consideration by paying careful attention...”
The word
pay
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+engage for money], [+action to return something as service or goods], [+make
compensation], and [+responsible]. in comparison with its closely related words
give
. The semantic domain of the word
pay
and
give
are pass something over. The distinctive features of the word
pay
that are [+engage for money], [+action to return something as service or goods], [+make compensation], and [+responsible]
simplifies the complexity of an abstract concept called attention. The issue of nuclear deal agreement is a controversial issue both in Iran country and
international society because in the previous attempt to achieve sustainable agreement, Iran violates it. Thus both parties need to convince each other that the
agreement is going to work this time. One of the determinative way to see the future of the agreement is through the attention that Iranian officials put to run the
negotiation process and establish the agreement. However, Khamenei needs to portray to the society that the attention is not a mere formal attention, but real
Take Carry
+ Get into one’s possession
+ +
Accept the burden +
+ Follow something as right
- +
Accomodate -
- Move while supporting
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
action by being responsible, compensate if neccessary, and it is as valuable as money.
Conceptually, attention is understood as a process that, at a given moment, enhances some information and inhibits other information. It means,
people selectively choose upon things they want to focus on by intentionally ignoring other irrelevant things. In this case, people often metaphorically describe
attention as a valuable commodity that requires certain amount of price to be paid for getting that commodity. Thus, the source target valuable commodity is used to
explain the target domain attention by highlighting the limited resources in the attention that make it valuable.
The limited resource in the concept of attention is its components; orienting to sensory events, detecting signals for focused processing, and
maintaining a vigilant or alert state. Attention is conducted when there is signals that arouse human to direct their senses sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch
toward one object consciously. It is under the human’s control and they do it with sufficient amount of effort.
Though human has the capability to select and choose what they want to focus on, this action creates inevitable conseuquences that human may fail to
notice other important things. For example, in a party where we want to find our friend who wear red dress, we will only focus our attention to people who wear
red colors. We will not notice the fact that our old friend also attend the party, or we will neglect the fact that there is glass shattered on the floor near us when we
find our red dress friend. The failure to notice is what makes attention a limited resource.
The word
pay
is relevant action verb to the limited resource schema in valuable commodity metaphor because it contains the semantic properties of
[+engage for money], [+compensate the goods or services], and [responsible]. On the other hand, the word
give
shows no exclusivity of semantic properties that there is money involved and fair compensation in return of goods and services
though it shares same semantic properties of receiver and pass over something. in conclusion, the verb action give does not provide image schemata about valuable
commodity. Therefore, there is no sense of struggle and responsibility exist in the word give.
Thus, the target domain attention can be understood through the source domain valuable commodity because human understand attention as an intentional
action to select things that attract their senses by purchasing some effort and struggle to focus on that. It is also within their consent to neglect other things.
Thus, by treating attention as a valuable commodity, human acts carefully and responsibly toward it.
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei treats the issue of nuclear development as valuable issue because by focusing on it, Iran can generates billions of dollars in
just a very short time. For example, it can save more money because the cost of having nuclear as its source of electricity is cheaper than having coal, oil, and gas.
Another example is its existence. It is predicted that the earth has sufficient amount of uranium substance to produce nuclear that can last for 70
– 80 years. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
However, Iran’s interest is being hampered with the confrontation from global worlds saying that Iran is developing nuclear weapon instead of nuclear industry.
Thus, Ayatollah intends to make the Iranian officials aware that they have to focus their attention to clarify those missunderstanding. Not only focus,
Khamenei emphasizes their focus by saying ‘paying’, to show that Iranian officials invest their focus, energy, and time to achieve the nuclear deal agreement
and act responsibly for it.
Table 5. Semantic properties of
pay
and
give
5.
“They will certainly be divinely rewarded”
The word
reward
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+show appreciation] and [+Give fair return for good and bad behaviour] in
comparison with its closely related words
award
. The semantic domain of the word
reward
and
award
are give something that mostly in money. The distinctive features of the word
reward
that are [+show appreciation] and [+Give fair return for good and bad behaviour] simplifies the complexity of God as an abstract
concept. As a highly religious country, Khamenei as supreme leader has power to give order, punishment, or change the law. It happens because Khamenei is the
highest and the most respectable religious figure in Iran. Furthermore, the power Pay
Give +
Pass over +
+ Cause one to receive
+ +
Engage for money ±
+
Action to return for service or goods -
+ Make compensation
- +
Responsible -
of Khamenei is higher than the elected president of Iran. Using his power, Khamenei can give judgement to someone’s life. In this case, Khamenei convince
the society that if the Iranian officials do something wrong and irresponsible, God is the one who punish them fairly. However, if using
award
, the imagination upon fair punishment is not there because the word
award
lacks that semantic property. The abstract concept that wants to be explained by the verb rewarded is
God. Iranian people calls their god “Allāh”. Generally, God is understood as a spirit or being that has great power, strength, and knowledge. God is believed as
the creator of the earth including all living and non living things thus he is worshipped in some religions. In this case, the source domain judge is used to
highlight the role and the power of a judge. Judge is specifically used in the field of law as a person in charge of trial
in a court who gives final verdict on whether a person is guilty or not and decide the punishment to the guilty ones. The judge has several roles such as; interpret
the law, assess the evidence presented, and conduct a fair and impartial hearing in the court. Thus, a judge will review thoroughly and carefully the trials that he lead
because he is the one who gives the detrimental decision toward a person’s life. If a person is verdicted as guilty, it means he or she will be physically isolated in
jail. In some case, they have to pay the big amount of fine as form of monetary punishment. It means the judge is responsible in upholding the human right.
The power of a judge is called the judge’s authority. Because of judge’s roles, the judge has the authority to render justice impartially and independently.
It means the judge does not have to consult his or her verdict to other parties PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
because he or she is appointed by the society and trusted to have sufficient knowledge. The judge also has the power to educate society through law by
showing the severity of punishment toward the guilty one or the offender so that society will feel fear to conduct crime.
The word rewarded has the semantic properties of fair return for good or bad behavior and get what they deserve. Thus, it is relevant with the verdict
schema in the judge metaphor. Verdict in law is the final judgement of a judge after he or she deliberately weigh the case. On the other hand, the word awarded
lacks those semantic properties although it shares same semantic propertiy of giving something usually money. Thus, there is no image schema to show fair
return in the word award. Furthermore, the word award has the semantic properties of show admiration that is not relevant toward the verdict schema.
Thus, the set of correspondence between the word reward and award is they both are the final saying which cannot be disputed. All parties have to accept
the decision created by the judge and obey it. Obey means the parties in the court and other actors under that law should not do crime because if they do so, they
also will be punished through the verdict. It also preconceives the knowledge that by becoming law abiding citizen, people will get reward such as; getting legal
protection from discrimination, having equal access to job, healthcare and othe government facilities.
Khamenei metaphorically use the word reward to emphasize that Iran is a moslem country where Iranian society are the followers who use the teaching of
Islam as the guidance in making the decision and function in this world. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
According to the religion, It also means that what moslem followers do in the world will be the parameter to decide whether he or she deserves to be rewarded
in heaven or get punishment in hell. Thus, Iranian officials are also treated as moslem followers who will be rewarded accordingly in the case of nuclear deal
agreement.
Table 6. Semantic properties of
reward
and
award
6.
“Particularly in this environment filled with the enemies’ threats”
The word
fill
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+put into as much as can be], [+spread all through], and [+posses the duties of] in
comparison with its closely related words
stuff
. The semantic domain of the word
fill
and
stuff
are making something full. The distinctive features of the word
fill
that are [+put into as much as can be], [+spread all through], and [+posses the duties of] simplifies the complexity of enemies’ threats. By using the word fill,
the society can imagine the abstract concept of enemies threat by treating it like a thing that can be put into and spreaded all through. So, rather than explaining the
complexity of enemies’ threat from its quality and quantity, it is more understandable and simpler by using the word
fill
and treat it as a thing. Reward
Award +
Give something money +
- Show admiration
+ +
Show appreciation -
-
Give the benefit formally +
+ Give fair return for good and bad
behaviour -
+ Get what is deserved
± PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The source domain of container is used to metaphorically describe the target domain ‘this environment’. In the text, the word ‘this environment’ refers to
Iran’s defense system. Thus, the metaphorical expression is Iran’s defense is a container. The container metaphor is used to highlight its function and substance.
The function of Iran’s defense is to protect Iran from both external and internal threat that jeopardize the sovereignity of Iran. The internal threat faced by
Iran is their domestic problems such as; high unemployent, over dependent to oil, clashing of ideologies between sunni and shiite followers, etc. The external threat
comes from outside Iran country such as; the proliferation of liberal value spreaded by the West, terrorism such as attack from ISIS, proxy war with Saudi
Arabia in Yemen and Syria, etc. In facing those threats, Iran has to strengthen its domestic power by carefully choosing the substance that can be put inside of it.
The substance of Iran’s defense strength is the information, ideology, or belief that Iran is not a bad and oppre
ssive actor who neglect the society’s welfare and only focus on the leader’s political interest. Not only that, the substance can
also exist in form of the threat, be it ideology or action to harm Iran’s sovereignity. Factually, all Iran men starting from 18 years old are oblidged to
join military conscription for 19 – 24 months. They get military education and
embrace the spirit of nationalism so that when Iran gets attacked, they are the one who will actively protect and defend their country. from the weaponary sector,
Iran equips itself with tanks, aircrafts, naval vessels, and the ability to make bombs.
Despite the fact that Iran has numorous sources of defense strength, it is still considered as weak in terms of quality. It happens because of the economic
sanctions imposed by the West that make Iran unables to export oil which is its biggest revenue. Thus, the improvement and development of Iran’s defense
strength still low in comparison with other countries. The word filled is relevant to the substance schema in the container
metaphor. It has the semantic properties of put into as much as can be and posses the duty of. In this case, the enemy’s threats are metaphorically portrayed as the
substance that has been put inside of iran and this substance may damage or broke other substance in the container. It happens because the word fill has the semantic
property of spread all through. On the other hand, the word stuffed lacks those semantic properties though it shares same semantic properties such as make
something full and cause to swell. Thus, the word stuff does not fill the image schemata of threat is a substance.
Khamenei metaphorically treats the enemies’ threat as substance that exist inside of Iran to show his society that there is unintended threats existed
within Iran and the threats are made by Iran’s enemies. Khamenei refers to United States of America, United Kingdom, and Israel as Iran’s enemies. Thus,
Khamenei imposes the message to Iranian society that they have to be aware and careful so that society will not get the harm. It also entails the message that
Khamenei wants the society to have a strong nationalism toward Iran so that Iran will not be weaken.
Table 7. Semantic properties of
fill
and
stuff
7.
“When they deliver the matter to the people”
The word
deliver
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+take something to a place], [+send to intended target], and [+unrestrained
willingness] in comparison with its closely related words
report
. The semantic domain of the word
deliver
and
report
are saying something publicly. The distinctive features of the word
deliver
that are [+take something to a place], [+send to intended target], and [+unrestrained willingness] simplifies the
complexity of the matter as concept.
Deliver
is a form of metaphorical expression because it treats the matter as a product that is presented to the society. It makes the matter, an abstract
concept, as a physical object that can be seen and reviewed by the society. Thus, deliver is relevant with the distribution schema in product metaphor.
The target domain matter is explained with the source domain product by highlighting the process, result, and distribution of it. The process of product is
related to activities as well as materials in producing and creating the product. These process determines the success of the product in the market thus there are
several steps taken such as; generating the plan by analyzing the SWOT Fill
Stuff +
Put into as much as can be -
+ Make something full
+ +
Spread all through -
+ Cause to swell
+ -
Push quickly and carelessly +
+ Posses the duties of
- PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, contemplating the idea by comparing its uniqueness with other competitors’ product innovation, testing the
product to know whether society like it or not by making some people as sample of test, and reviewing the test.
The result of product is the product itself that is ready to be sold, consumed, or even critized by the market. The market refers to the society who
becomes the target consumers of the product. The distribution of the product refers to the action in making the product reachable to the society. It means there
are planned strategy prepared by the company or person who owns the product so that society become attracted to it. The activity can be in form of making
advertisement, expanding the selling of product to bigger market, etc. The word deliver is used because it has the semantic properties of send to
the intended target, take something or someone, and have an unrestrained willingness. Meanwhile, the word report lacks in those semantic properties
although they share same semantic properties such as say something publicly and make statement. It means that the word report does not provide an image
schemata of matter as product thus it is not relevant toward the distribution schema in the product metaphor. Furthermore, the word report also has the
semantic property of complain. Thus, it does not fit with the purpose of distribution that is to advertise and sell the product by making it looks good.
Khamenei uses the verb deliver to metaphorically portray the nuclear deal agreement as the product that is produced by Iranian officials and other
negotiatiors who involve in it. The nuclear deal agreement is a written contract PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
filled with rules, points, and signatures of the negotiatiors. Khamenei wants to show that the nuclear deal agreement is produced through a planned steps of
process. It is created to help society by healing the economic turmoil faced by Iran. The betterment of economy enables the society to have better life. For
example, they can save more money in banks as well as start up enterpreneurship. The target of the product is the society or Iran. It means that Khamenei
hopes the Iranian officials able to explain the agreement appealingly to the society so that riots will be less likely to happen. The word deliver also imply that Iranian
officials are expected to prepare strategy to advertise the agreement to be in favor of Iran. It happens because the agreement will be scrutinized internationally and
there are parties who will show the harm that will occur to Iran after the agreement is applied. Thus there is possibility that some Iran society will object
the agreement. For this reason, Khamenei wants Iranian officials able to clarify those information.
Table 8. Semantic properties of
deliver
and
report
8.
“No one will be allowed to take advantage of this document in any way”
The word
way
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+method in doing something], [+habitual], and [+thorough fare for travel] in
Deliver Report
+ Say publicly
+ +
Make statement +
+ Take something to a place
- +
Send to intended target -
+ Unrestrained willingness
- -
Complain +
comparison with its closely related words
road
. The semantic domain of the word
way
and
road
are an established course of action. The distinctive features of the word
way
that are [+method in doing something], [+habitual], and [+thorough fare for travel] simplifies the complexity of the the document of nuclear deal
agreement. The noun ‘any way’ in the text refers to the action of betrayal among the
negotiators of nuclear deal agreement by violating the rules that has been consented to be obeyed. The noun way is a metaphorical concept to explain the
target domain betrayal through the source domain journey. It treats document, in this case, the nuclear deal agreement, as the starting point of a journey that is
taken by the travellers and they have the same destination. However, when the travellers arrive at forked road, they have different opinions related to the way that
should be taken. At the end, they walk on separate ways and neglect their goal to arrive at the destination point together.
Betrayal is an abstract concept which generally explain a deliberate hurtful action that show disloyalty and unfaithful manner. This action benefits the
betrayer but victimizes the one who gets betrayed. The starting point of betrayal is a condition when both parties gain trust toward each other and they manifest
that trust into some promises in various possible scenario. For example in friendship, the individuals involved in that relationship make promise to go
shopping together because they have the same preferences of clothes. It implies that the promises made between them are preceded by the similar ground that they
have. It also means that there is an exclusive contract that is only consented PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
between them. Thus, other parties who are not involved cannot partake in their promises.
The forked road in the concept of betrayal is the action of betrayal itself. Betrayal can be understood as disruption of ongoing relationship in which the
parties involved have invested their material and emotional resources. The disruption happen in form of breaking the promises and agreement as a form of
refusal to continue the relationship. It implies the meaning that victim, the parties who get betrayed, will suffer greatly. In journey metaphor, the forked road is a
two way intersection where the travellers have to make the decision upon which way they want to go. The forked road in the concept of betrayal means the parties
decide to go on separate ways. As the consequence, the traveller who is left become alone and feeling lost since there is no friend accompanying him or her
anymore. The word way is chosen since it contains the semantic properties of
method in doing something and thorough fare for travel. Thus, it contains the image schemata of path in a journey. Although the word way and road has the
same semantic properties of course of action and established, the word road lacks the semantic properties that is relevant with the path schema. The word road also
has the semantic property of hard plate surfaces for transportation such as car, bus, etc. Meanwhile, the word way does not necessarily mean that. It means, the
word road does not fit wih the concept of journey. In the concept of journey, the path is not always flat surfaces. It can also rocky, slippery, etc.
Khamenei wants to ensure Iranian society that there will be no actors who betray what has been consented on the nuclear deal agreement by the word
way. It means that Ayatollah shows that Iran is a committed party who obey the agreement. At the same time, Iran warns the possible future party who wants to
betray the agreement by violating its rules. Thus, what Ayatollah Ali Khamenei wants to happen is no parties who are involved in the negotiation process, at some
point after the agreement, choose to go to other way.
Table 9. Semantic properties of
way
and
road
9. “The defense capabilities will be protected although we know that the
enemies have placed great emphasis on these areas
” The word
place
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+direct to a desired spot] and [+distribute properly] in comparison with its
closely related words
establish.
The semantic domain of the word
place
and
establish
are to begin something. The distinctive features of the word
way
that are [+direct to a desired spot] and [+distribute properly] simplifies the complexity of
the abstract concept named great emphasis. Emphasis is an abstract concept that is metaphorically portrayed through
the source domain product. In its isolated meaning, emphasis means attention Way
Road +
A course of action +
+ Established
+ +
Method in doing something -
+ Habitual
- +
Thorough fare for travel -
- Hard plate surfaces
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
given to something by using force. Thus, it can be understood that the emphasis refers to attacks and threat from Iran’s opponents to weaken Iran’s defense
capabilities. The product metaphor is used to highlight weight and distribution of the attacks.
The distribution of attacks means the method taken to expose and spread the attack to the intended target. In this case, the intended target is Iran’s defense
in which society become part of it. The attacks are distributed through various method such as accusing Iran as uncooperative actor who destroy peace by
developing nuclear weapon secretly, provoking Iran society that Iran government discriminates the minority group, and placing the economic sanction to Iran so it
weakens their purchasing power. The target of the attack is Iran society by making them doubtful and distrust its government. If the society distrust the government,
then clashes of interest will occur and make the society oppose government agenda. Thus, these attacks have to be succesfully handled by Iran government.
The weight of attack means the amount of force and effort invested by the attackers on their attacks. In this case, the massive publication from media to
antagonize Iran or even the risk and consequence that the attackers have to bear for placing economic sanction to Iran. Factually, the effect of giving economic
sanction to Iran does not only create disbenefit for Iran buat also for the actors who impose the sanction. in this case, it is United States of America, some
members of European Union state, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Australia, Norway, Switzeland, etc. They lose significant amount of barrels from oil due to
banning on trading with Iran. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The word place is relevant to the distribution schema in the product metaphor since it has the semantic properties of distribute orderly and direct
target. It means that the word place treats its object as movable thing for particular purpose. It also implies the meaning that the movable object will not settle in a
place since it will always being moved from one place to another place. Meanwhile, the word establish has the semantic properties of settle for long time
and make something stable. Thus, the word establish is not relevant with the distribution schema although it has the same semantic properties of begin
something and put something in particular position. Khamenei treats the attacks coming for Iran’s enemies as things that are
not permanent and can be removed. Khamenei implies that the enemies attack toward Iran’s defense is a bad product in which its distribution has to be stopped.
By using the word place, Khamenei admits that there is attacks directed to Iran that aims to weaken its defense system. However, He believes that those attacks
can be co untered by making society trust Iran government. In this case, society’s
trust is an essential aspect of defense because they will not doubt and suspicious with government. Thus, the government can clarify the accusation and the
confrontation well. Place
Establish +
Put something in particular position +
+ Begin something
+ -
For a long time +
+ Direct to a desired spot
- +
Distribute orderly -
- Make something stable
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 10. Semantic properties of
place
and
establish
10.
“Our policy toward the arrogant America will not change”
The word
arrogant
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+insulting attitude] in comparison with its closely related words
condescending.
The semantic domain of the word
arrogant
and
condescending
are showing superiorty. The distinctive features of the word
arrogant
that is [+insulting attitude] simplifies the complexity of the abstract concept of United
States of America as country. Arrogant is a metaphorical expression since it treats America, a country,
as a person that possesses particular personalities. It is classified as ontological metaphor where the object is specified as being a person. Furthermore, the
personality gives us portrayal how we should perceive America and what actions that America does based on their personality.
The adjective word arrogant in its isolated meaning means unpleasant attitude to show the feeling of superiority. It is considered as a negative
personality because people who are arrogant does not respect others’ opinion; they think their opinion is the most correct and important one. People with this
personality are usually being avoided or disliked because they make the people surround them feel uncomfortable. As the consequence, the arrogant person is
treated as people’s public enemy or the adversary It preconceives the knowledge that people avoid themselves to be
perceived as arrogant because there is no one who want to be friends with them. People with arrogant behaviour tend to talk like they know everything. However,
the others do not trust them because they believe he or she is exaggerating the fact and even lying. The person who chooses to be arrogant have particular reasons
such as; getting the attention, hiding their weaknesses, and dreaming to get an acknowledgement that he or she is better compare to their enemy.
The word arrogant is relevant toward the personality schema in adversary metaphor because it contains the semantic properties of insulting attitude and lack
of respect toward the inferiors. Meanwhile, the word condescending lacks those semantic properties. Furthermore, the word condescending contains the semantic
property of dependent. This semantic property does not fit the image schema of adversary because the adversary is considered strong and posses power to give
threat to their opponents. Khamenei metaphorically portray United States of America as an
arrogant person to unify Iran society’s perception about how to think and behave when they hear the word America. The chant ‘Death to America’ is often used to
make Iran society treat United States of America as their enemy. It implies the message that Khamenei wants Iran society to disdain America’s policy and
ideology since America is arrogant. It means Khamenei wants the society to think the perception that America creates better life with the ideology of liberalism
because society have freedom of expression to express themselves are not true. It also implies the message that Khamenei does not Iran society to feel
inferior toward America. Instead, he wants the society to be brave and confident in confronting and showing distrust toward America. It means Khamenei wants
the society to support government agenda as a form of manifestation of their confidence
Table 11. Semantic properties of
arrogant
and
condescending
11.
“How can one do business, negotiate, and reach an agreement with such a
policy? ”
The word
reach
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+touch by moving or grabbing], [+develop something], and [+make decision]
in comparison with its closely related words
achieve.
The semantic domain of the word
reach
and
achieve
are arriving at. The distinctive features of the word
reach
that are [+touch by moving or grabbing], [+develop something], and [+make decision] simplifies the complexity of the agreement.
In the verb reach, the abstract concept of agreement is treated as product. Specifically, this product is placed at particular distance so people have to do an
effort to get that. The product metaphor is used to highlight the process, result, and distribution of agreement. The agreement is defined as formal written contract
between parties involved filled with rules, interest, punishment if there is party who violate it.
The process in making the agreement refers to any actions, plans, strategy, and even effort to make the agreement. Generally, this process is called
Arrogant Condescending
+ Show superiority
+ +
Claim for oneself +
+ Lack of respect toward others
+ +
Insulting attitude -
- Dependent
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
negotiation process. In the text, the agreement refers to the nuclear deal agreement and the actors who are involved in the negotiation process are called P5+1 United
States, United Kingdom, China, France, Russia, plus Germany. These negotiators conduct repeated discussions started from November 2013 until July 2015. During
the negotiation process, all parties try to find the common ground and objective to make the agreement feasible.
Not only that, all parties also deliver their concern about the differences of perspectie that may become problems in the future, and all parties try to make
their interest to be taken into account. Thus, it is necessary to have a thorough process so that the product can be produced well. It means the strong commitment
and motivation of all parties to invest their focus contribute to the quality of the product. It also means that all parties should not focus on their ego by only
focusing on achieving their interest. thus, the result is a collective agreement that create win win solution for all parties.
The result of agreement is a form of written contract that is binding among the parties who ratify it. A contract can be called valid if it contains offer
and acceptance toward the offer presented, the detailed offer about what is provided, interest for example money being exchanged between the parties,
capacity of parties in terms of age and mental ability, intention to carry out the promise, and there’s leaglity of law. Those are the elements of successful
negotiation. It means that all parties manage to make the decision of the agreement together after certain period of time.
The distribution of agreement is related to the strategy for selling the product. In order for an agreement to be succesfully distributed, there should be a
clear target market and simple but thorough description about the product to make the society understand the existence of the product. Afterwards, society will be
curious to find out more about the product. The succeed of distributin happen when society want to buy the product and feel benefitted by consuming it. Thus, it
is necessary for the parties involved to provide as honest information as possible because if later society find out that the information is wrong, the trust toward the
product and the parties who present and distribute the product will be decreased. The word reach is chosen because it contains the semantic properties of
make decision, develop something, and touch something by moving or grabbing. Thus, the word reach is relevant with the process of making the product in which
all parties move from the starting point to the final point of the process. Meanwhile, the word achieve lacks those semantic properties eventhough it shares
same semantic properties of arrive at and obtain the interest. The word achieve also has the semantic properties of great difficulty. This property is not relevant
towad the distribution process in which it wants to portray that the product result from a thorough but effective method of process instead of difficult one.
Khamenei uses the word reach to metaphorically portray the process of nuclear deal agreement. He intends to show the society that the agreement is
established with consent and collective agreement of all parties involved. It implies the meaning that there is some amount of struggle and effort invested
during the process of agreement from Iranian officials to make it work. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 12. Semantic properties of
reach
and
arrive
12.
“There are other cases as well and I will expand them in other speeches”
The word
expand
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+open wide] and [+express in greater detail] in comparison with its closely
related words
develop.
The semantic domain of the word
expand
and
develop
are incerasing in size or volume. The distinctive features of the word
expand
that are [+open wide] and [+express in greater detail] simplifies the complexity of the
cases. The verb expand treat the abstract concept of cases as building by
highlighting its content and area. The cases are understood as specific situations. It means ther
e’s certain purposes if certain situaions are old or exposed. The cases also refers to the facts gathered for specific purposes and in the intended time,
those fact is released to create particular impact to those who know it. The content of specific situation or cases is elaboration of facts and
reasons to support the claims that they say. The logical reasons supported by facts create justification points to make the listernef get persuaded with it. The purpose
of the content is various; for defending themselves, attack their opponent, or counter attack the opponent’s accusation toward them. The content of specific
Reach Achieve
+ Arrive at
+ +
Touch by moving or grabbing -
- Great difficulties
+ +
Obtain an interest +
+ Develop something
- +
Make decision -
situation presented by particular group or person also reflect their stance or belief upon what they consider as true and right. Thus, in order to make it compelling,
research strategy is applied to colloect quantitative evidence from various resources.
The area of specific situation refers to aspect of analysis that want to be emphasized. The cases are considered wide, if it discusses various aspect through
one topic. For example in the topic of nuclear deal agreement, the aspect beign discussed is not only from politics but also from the economic, historic, society,
and even the development of nuclear technology. Furthermore, each aspect is discussed deeply by using elaboration of reasons and facts.
In the building metaphor, the content of the building refers to materials that support the building to stand firmly on the ground. It can be achieved by
choosing carefully and selectively about the strength or each possible materials. The stronger the quality of the materials is, the stronger the building will be.
Meanwhile, the area of building covers to the amount of land used by the building. Thus, if the building is expanded, it means the wider area of land is used
for the building. The purpose for this expansion can be various; to adsorp more human resources, to make the job division more efficient, or even to reach wider
market to be able to sell their product better. The word expand is chosen because it is relevant to the wide schema in
the building metaphor. It has the semantic properties of open wide and express in greater detail. Meanwhile, the word develop lacks those semantic proprties
enethough it shares same semantic properties of increase in size and volume and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
take more space. Furthermore, the word develop has the semantic properties of start from the beginning. Thus, it is not relevant with the area schema for covering
wider land because the main building is already established. In other word, the expansion does not start from the beginning.
Khamenei uses the word expand to metaphorically portray the bad things conducted by America toward the muslim society that he wants to elaborate in
other speeches. Khamenei delivers the fact that United States of America is being contradictory with their own ideology specifically toward moslem countries. By
using the famous ideology upheld by America that is human right for everyone, he justifies that in practical, what happen is not that. He says America support the
terrorist child-killing government of Zionism, accuse Hezbollah and Lebanese Resistance of terrorism meanwhile they are the most self sacrificing forces a
country can have, etc. For that reason, Khamenei intends to tell the society for not forgetting the
fact that America is moslem countries’ enemy. He says so because he prevents the possibility of having Iran society who become pro toward America just because
nuclear deal agreement. The purpose of his expansion of justification is to attack America’s past behaviour that should not be forgotten.
Expand Develop
+ Increase in size or volume
+ +
Take more spaces +
+ Open wide
- +
Express in greater detail -
- Create from the start
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 13. Semantic properties of
expand
and
develop
13.
“Their domestic problem force them into blustering”
The word
force
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+do violence], [+press against resistance], and [+extert the strength] in
comparison with its closely related words
hound.
The semantic domain of the word
force
and
hound
are making someone do something they do not want. The distinctive features of the word
force
that are [+do violence], [+press against resistance], and [+extert the strength] simplifies the complexity of the domestic
problem. The verb force is a form of metaphorical expression because it treats the
abstact concept of domestic problem as person. Furthermore, the way domestic froblem is being portrayed as giving force create certain perception of thinking
about how to approach and deal with it. The source domain war is used to highlight the armies, weapons, and field of the domestic problem.
Domestic problem is defined as internal issue of a country that is originately come from within the country. this can be resulted from the
implementation of inefficient policy, social tension between the society, and growing distrust from international society. In the case of inefficient policy, it
usually happen in terms of economy so it can weaken the development of country. for ex
ample high unemployent, losing big trading partners, or low society’ purchasing power. In the case of social tension, the low tolerance toward religion
and racism can create segregation among society that create highly judmental PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
society. In the case of growing distrust, the inability to solve global problems such as terrorism and environment may weaken the soft power of a country.
The elements of war are its armies, weapons, and field. Through the same set of correspondences, the armies of domestic problems are the structured
domestic problem who tries to attack the government in that country. it can be said that the government is the army that defend or pro to the country, but the
internal problem is the army that offend and attack, or contra, to the country. the weapons of domestic problem are the content of the problems. For example
inefficient policy in solving high unemployment may result in the decreasing of revenue to government that potentially harm the policy. Distrust from another
country may result in the cutting diplomatic tie between the countries that weaken the political leverage of the country.
The weapons of government are the creating innovative strategy to solve the domestic problem, attacking other countries by blaming them to be
contributive toward the internal problem, or hiding the fact that domestic problem exist within the country. the battlefield of war in this case is the country itself. The
result of the war is one of the party win. In this case, if the domestic problem is succesfully solved, it means the domestic problem lose in war. Thus it makes the
government wins the war. The word force is relevant with the army schema in the war metaphor. It
contains the semantic properties of do violence, extert the strength, and press against resistance. Meanwhile, the word hound lacks those semantic properties
eventhough it contains the semantic properties of make someone do something PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
they do not want and intention to harm that are the same as the word force. Thus, the word hound is not sufficient to provide the image schemata of war because it
does not imply the sense of fight back against resistance or violence. Khamenei uses the word force to show the internal battle between United
States of America and their domestic problem that is currently escalating. Factually, United States of America is receiving distrust from its intenational
friends because lack of ephicacy in tackling ISIS. It can be proven on the longer time that America needs to convince other countries to do coalition attack to ISIS
and participate actively by sending aircraft, tanks, soldiers, etc. At the same time, the growing problems of racism between black and white skin society have not
been solved. Thus, Khamenei wants to debunk the claims made by America that they
succesfully stop Iran from developing its nuclear weapon by saying that it is only a groundless claim mae by America to hide the fact that they fail in solving their
domestic problems. For this reason, Khamenei shows his dsagreement toward the claim.
Table 14. Semantic properties of
force
and
hound
Force Hound
+ Do violence
- +
Make someone do something they do not want
+ +
Press against resistance -
+
Extert the strength, -
+ Intention to harm
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14.
“They claim they have dragged Iran into the negotiating table”
The word
drag
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+use force] and [+steady energy] in comparison with its closely related words
heft.
The semantic domain of the word
drag
and
heft
are moving something by using force. The distinctive features of the word
drag
that are [+use force] and [+steady energy] simplifies the complexity of Iran as country.
The word dragged is a metaphorical expression because it treats Iran as an entity or person. It its isolated meaning, the word drag means to pull someone
or something by exerting some amount of force. Thus, it gives specific way of thinking about the capablity and strength of Iran. It implies the meaning that the
object being dragged is weaker than the subject who drags it. The abstract domain that wants to be portrayed is Iran. In this case, Iran
is treated as a person who can move from one place to other place, and it can communicate with other people. America is also treated as a person who have the
strength to drag Iran to the negotiation table. Thus, the human metaphor is used to highlight the physical strength of a person.
The physical strength of a person is a muscular strength of a human to exert force by using muscle. It can be gotten by a consistent physical training and
diet. The more a person do physical training, the physical strength is also better. The better physical strength is useful for various purposes such as; defending
themselves against bad people, preventing a person from getting sick, being able to lift heavy things without any significant difficulties, or even attacking the
opponents easily. In comparison, people with weak physical strength may easily PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
suffer from sickness and have difficulties in perform daily because they are easily feel tired. It is also easier for the bad people to attack them because they are not
trained to fight against strong forces. The word drag contains the semantic properties of using force and steady
force. It is relevant with the physical strength schema in the human metaphor. Meanwhile, the word heft lacks those semantic properties though it shares the
same semantic properties of move something and toward particular destinantion. Thus, the word heft does not relevant with the physical strength schema because
there is no physical force exterted in the word heft. Furthermore, the word heft contains the semantic property of depend on support. It means, a thing or person
can be moved if it willings to do so. Meanwhile, in he context of the text, United States of America pull Iran eventhough Iran is unwilling to do so.
Khamenei uses the metaphorical expression dragged to debunk the America’s claim that they are physically stronger than Iran. It means that Iran is a
weaker actor who lose in fighting against America. Khamenei ridicules the claim because in fact, Iran has willingness to go into the negotiation process and it is not
because America is stronger than Iran. Thus, Khamenei intends to show that America is over exaggerating their role in the negotiation process. It also implies
the meaning that Iran agrees to do the negotiation because iran see itself as equally strong as other negotiators because in negotiation, the prerequisite is that
all parties are in equal position. Drag
Heft +
Move something +
+ Use force
- PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 15. Semantic properties of
drag
and
heft
15.
“That they have made Iran surrender”
The word
surrender
has a distinctive feature in the semantic component that is [+agree to stop fighting] and [+allow something to control] in comparison
with its closely related words
defer.
The semantic domain of the word
surrender
and
defer
are yielding the power. The distinctive features of the word
surrender
that are [+agree to stop fighting] and [+allow something to control] simplifies the complexity of Iran as country.
The word surrender is a metaphorical expression because it treats Iran as opposing forces in a war. In this case, the war is not physical, but in terms of
battle of agreement in the negotiation process. Thus, the war metaphor is used to highlight the armies, weapons, and battelfield of agreement.
The armies of agreement are the opposing forces in the negotiation process. It is the parties that have the differences of opinion, and approach of the
problem though they have the same goal. Reffering to the text, the parties who oppose each other are America and Iran. The America attacks Iran for building the
nuclear weapon secretly and it wants Iran to stop the development of nuclear weapon in exhange for lifting the economic sanction. Meanwhile, Iran tries to
defend itself by saying that it is not building the nuclear weapon. Instead, it is building the nuclear industry to make betterment for society’s welfare.
+ Have particular destination
+ +
Steady force -
- Depend on support
+ PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Furthermore, Iran wants the West and International countries to lift the economic sanction because it hampers the economic development of Iran. In this
case, the goal of these two opposing parties are the same; lifting the sanction for the sake of society. However they have different approach toward the problems.
The weapon of the agreement is the justification points that benefit the party who deliver it. The justification points refers to strong assertion and
followed by logical explanation supported with strong facts or case study. Each parties try to win bigger interest in the negotiation process by implementing the
attack strategy. For example America uses the attack strategy to claim that Iran build the nuclear weapon by its justification point. The same goes to Iran by
defending and co unter attacking America’s justification.
The battlefield of agreement is the negotation process itself. On the negotiation table, each opposing parties will attack, defend, bomb, and
counterattack the opponent to win the argument and get bigger interest in the negotiation process. The result is the written agreement consented by all parties.
However, in the negotiation process, the agreement is made as fair as possible for long term benefit.
The word surrender is chosen because it contains the semantic properties of agree to stop fighting and a condition after struggle to retain. It is relevant with
the weapons schema in the war metaphor because it metaphorically portrays Iran at the end admit its lost in the battlefield of agreement against its opponent,
America. Meanwhile, the word defer does not relevant with the weapon schema because it lacks those semantic properties. Furthermore, the word defer contains
the semantic properties of respect and have the ability to choose the power it wants to transfer to. It means that the word defer lacks the semantic propertis of
losing after and inability to have option to choose power. Khamenei uses the word surrender to metaphorically ridicule America’s
claim that Iran loses in the negotiation process thus it is inevitable for Iran to follow America’s interest. it means Iran is willing to be controlled by America in
the negotiation process. In fact, Iran has the eq ual power with America and Iran’s
interest to still develop numbers of nuclear centrifuges is taken into account. Khamenei wants to tell Iranian society for not believing America’s claim because
it is totally untrue. Thus, eventhough Iran agrees to stop major number of its nuclear centrifuges, it is okay because it lacks on economic capital.
Table 16. Semantic properties of
surrender
and
defer