Critical Discourse Analysis CDA

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the study

The study focuses on Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s August 18 th 2015 translated speech related to nuclear deal agreement. Originally, Khamenei uses Persian language the official language of Iran in delivering his speech. However, for the convenient and distributional purposes, the speech is translated into 14 languages: English, Indonesia, Turkish, Urdu, Arabic, Nojavan, Farsi, Japanese, Hausa, French, Russian, German, Swahili, and Spanish. The speech is translated a nd published in Khamenei’s official website http:khamenei.ir. The website is operated by the Center for Preserving and Publishing the Works of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei. It focuses on publishing historical documents, speeches, and an archive of photographs. The content of the website is supervised directly under Khamenei’s supervision so that the translated speeches has been approved by Khamenei. Thus, the speech is translated as equivalence as possible to his original persian speech so that the reader can engage indirectly to his speeches. The translated speech has several linguistic features. One of them is metaphorical expressions. The metaphorical expressions are commonly found in the form of noun, be it words or phrases.

B. Approach of the study

There are three approaches applied for the study. The first is lexical semantics approach, the second is Conceptual Metaphor approach, and the third is Critical Discourse Analysis CDA approach. The study applies lexical semantic approach by treating every words in the text as potential data because lexical semantics deals with meaning of words. The meaning of word will be obtained by related meanings between words and the related words have to fulfill the criteria of contiguity. As explained above, contiguity is when the meaning between words is distinctly set off from other related meanings by at least one important feauture. In proving that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s speech contains hidden ideology benefitted the political agenda of Iranian Government and Khamenei, Critical Discourse Analysis CDA is applied. As explained above, there is no standardized method and ways in using CDA. All methodology are acceptable as long as it proves there is imbalance and inequal power. In this study, it is applied by investigating the result of componential analysis of the metaphorical expressions and how it contributes to discover particular ideology. thus, CDA becomes an essential approach to prove that metaphorical expressions are ideological.

B. Method of the Study

In conducting this study, two steps are used. The first is collecting the data and the second is analyzing the data.

1. Data Collection

The data was collected by using purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a method that justifies and uses the researcher’s subjective judgement in the process choosing the data needed for the study. In the application, several steps were taken to choose the data. The first was reading the translated speech repeated times. In order to obtain the data, the reading was focused on identifying the sentences and clauses that were related to Khamenei’s opinion and expression of the nuclear deal agreement. After finding the sentences and clauses related to it, the potential words and phrases that may contain metaphorical expressions were highlighted to see whether the meaning was literal or figurative by using the theory of componential analysis of meaning. The data that contain metaphorical expressions werenused in this study. The data that do not contain metaphorical expression were discarded since they were not contributive.

2. Data Analysis

In scrutinizing the obtained data, componential analysis of meaning was used in all words that were possible to be metaphorical expression, and, words that were related to it. The possible metaphorical expression was matched with word that had the same semantic domain and had closely related meanings. However, there had to be distinctive features in the semantic component between the related words as what the theory of contiguity required. The word that was compared was also matched with the context of nuclear deal agreement experienced by the Iranian society.