c. Process of Translations
The products of translating do not appear out of nowhere but there is a process behind it done by translator to produce a good and properly
translation. According to Nida and Tabet in Munday 2001:40, state that there three stages in translations process.
1 Analysis, in which the surface i.e. the meaning as given in source
language is, analyzed the grammatical relationship and the meaning of the word and combinations of the words.
2 Transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind
of translator from source language to receptor one. 3
Restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor
language. The translation can be illustrated in figure 1.
Source language Receptor
Analyzing Restructuring
Transfer
Figure1. Process of translation Nida, 1975: 80 It can be seen from the diagram that the first thing translator must do is
analyze the source language SL. Then, they are transferring the message to the reader. Finally, the message is restructured into target language TL and
delivered in a proper way to the readers.
2. Addition and Omission a. Definitions of Addition
In translation, there are many factors that affect a translator to be able to modify, change, add or subtract a translation that is translated. One of the
factors is the lack of translation version when the equivalent term is not found in the target text. Addition is also called grammatical expansion for
clarify of meaning. It becomes an imprecise translation procedure if it results to over translation.
According to Nida 1964, there are some circumtances that might oblige a translator to make an addition: to clarify an eliptic espression, to
avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category, to amplify implicit elements, to add connectors.
Moreover, Berman 1985 states that target text TT with addition often over-translate the source text ST, leading unfavorable effects such as
the unshaping of rhythms and a reduction of the clarity of the work ‟s voice.
It means translator sometimes say more in target text than the source text ST. For example:
ST:He may be able to get my ball. TT: Dia bisa mendapatkan bolaku dan memberikannya padaku.
Furthermore, Newmark 1988: 91, says information added to the translation is normally cultural accounting for the differences between SL
and TL culture, technical relating to the topic, or linguistic explaining wayward use of words.
1. Explanation of term Baker 1992 sustains Newmark
‟s opinion that addition is regarded as an extra explanation of culture-specific concepts and is obligatory specification
for comprehension purpose. The differences in culture and language greatly affect the equivalence of the translation itself that cannot be found in some
other language. For example: The word
“kebo-keboan” literally means “fake buffalo” .The majority of Javanese are work as farmers also have its own rituals.
“Kebo-keboan” is a Javanese traditional ceremony performed to refuse all the plagues and
disasters on the plants they had planted, so that the plants will grow well and produce a satisfactory harvest. In this ceremony, 30 people dressed up to
resemble a buffalo that will be paraded around the village. They will be dressed and walk just like the buffalo that was plowing a field. Therefore,
“kebo-keboan” cannot be translated as real the literally meaning but must be explained clearly so that there is no misunderstanding.
2. Addition of information for specification purpose Nida 1964 classifies two obligatory specification purposes;
ambiguity in the receptor language formation and the fact that greater specificity may be required so as to avoid misleading reference.
Misunderstanding on the target text may occur if there is one word in the source language that is uncertain.
3. Addition information due to the shift of voice According to Nida 1964:227, addition of information may also be
required due to the shift of voice and alteration of word classes to avoid misinterpretation.
For example: “I cut my finger”. When native speaker of Indonesian translated it into
Indonesian, sh should add „oleh pisau with knife. One of the reasons is the
word “cut” is an active voice and the world class should be changed into
passive one; the word “cut” becomes „tersayat “was cut”. It is to show that
she or he did it by accident. 4. Addition of information due to the alteration of word classes
Addition of information due to the alteration of word classes uses to avoid misinterpretation. It contains the changes of adjective to adjective
clause. For example “she gets a renewable trash bag”, the adjective
„renewable‟ is translated into an adjective clause „yang dapat diperbaharui
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