13 Kemp’s instructional design model is illustrated Figure 2.1.
b. Yalden’s Model
The writer utilizes Yalden’s instructional model since its model provides clear stages on needs survey. This instructional model has been designed to
identify the students’ needs in learning. Thus, improvement in learning outcome might be done. Yalden’s model emphasizes on communicative functions, which
Goals, Topics,
and General
Purposes
Learner Charac-
teristics
Learning Objectives
Support Service
Teaching Learning
Activities, Resources
Subject Content
Pre- Assess
ment Evaluation
REVISE
Figure 2.1. Kemps Instructional Design Model Kemp, 1977: 9
14 means to ensure the learners’ acquisition to communicate in more appropriate and
efficient way Yalden, 1987: 86-87. Janice Yalden sets out eight stages in language program development, presented in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. Stages in Language Program Development by Yalden 1987: 89
Stage Description
I Needs survey
II Description of purpose to be prepared in terms of
1. student characteristics 2. student skills on entry to and on exit from the program
III Selection or development of syllabus type in terms of IV and
physical constraints on the program IV
The proto-syllabus: description of language and language use to be covered in the program.
V The pedagogical syllabus: development of teaching, learning and
testing approaches. 1. development of teaching materials as far as possible
2. development of testing sequence and decisions on testing instruments
VI a Development of classroom procedures:
1. selection of exercise types and teaching techniques 2. preparation of lesson plans
3. preparation of weekly schedules
b Teacher training: briefings or workshops on 1. selection of exercise types and teaching techniques
2. desired outcome 3. exploitationcreation of teaching material
VII Evaluation
1. of students 2. of program
3. of teaching VIII
Recycling stage 1. congruence or ‘fit’ between goals set and student
performance is determined 2. content is reassessed
3. materials and methodological procedures are revised