Theories of Critical Approach Theories of Character and Characterization

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The second chapter presents two important points. They are review of related theories and theoretical framework. Review of related theories reviews theories, which are applied for conducting the study. Meanwhile, theoretical framework explains the contribution of the theories to solve the problem and the reason why this study applies such theories.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Critical Approach

In studying literary work, researchers may apply some approaches. Rhorberger and Woods propose five approach to literature. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach 7-11. Formalist approach is used to comprehend the totally of the literary object. Meanwhile, biographical approach is related to the author’s life and background that help in shaping the work. Biographical approach speculates the writer’s own motivation. Sociocultural-historical approach is needed to investigate the social millieu in which a work was created and which it necessesarily reflects. This approach shows that time and place of the creation give impact to the meaning of the work. Mythopoeic approach can be used to discover the past of human thought. 7 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 The last approach is psychological approach. Psychological approach believes that literature reflects the real of human motivation and behavior. The basis of psychological approach is the existance of human consciousness impulse, desire and feelings that influence human emotion and behavior. This approach is used to explore the character’s motivation and the simbolic meaning of the events appear in the story. Therefore, this study uses psychological approach to analyze the Anna’s personality and motivation.

2. Theories of Character and Characterization

Character is one aspect in a novel despite setting, plot, conflict, etc. Rohrberger and Woods 20 state “A narrative course, is a story, and stories involve persons, called characters, who act out in a particular time and place setting some kind of conflict in a patterns of events plot”. Stanton 17 also gives two definitions of character. First, he defines character as the individual who appears in the story. Second, character is the mixture of interest, desires, emotions and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals. Further, Abrams defines character as, “the persons presented in dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action” 23. In making the classification of character, Rohrberger and Woods classify character into protagonist and antagonist. Protagonis is the main or central character in the novel. Protagonist becomes the focus of readers’ attention. In short story, there is usually a single protagonist. However, some stories, such as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 novels, have more than a person central to the action 20. Protagonist is also known as major characater. Protagonist is the most important character in literary work because heshe becomes the focus of the story. Rohrberger and Woods explains, when protagonist is involved in conflict with another character, the other character is called the antagonist 21. In other word, antagonist is the person who becomes the opponent or rival of the protagonist. Moreover, Henkle classifies fictional character into major and secondary character. Major character is the most important figure in a literary work. Major character can be identified through the complexity the range of human characteristics and the attention given 92. Major character needs to be well understood by the readers because by understanding the major character, the readers presumably understand the vocal experience of the literary work. Meanwhile, secondary character or minor character is the supporting character. Secondary characters perform limited function. Henkle states, “The most obvious function of secondary characters is to populate the world of the novel” 94. They could be act as foils to the major character or acts within the shadow of the major character. The minor character is less complex or less intense. Apart from the character, characterization is also an important part of literature. Character and characterization have close relation. They are alike but theoretically, they are different. According to Baldick, as cited in Kusmahardika 10, “character is a person in narrative or dramatic work. It is different from PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 10 characterization in that character is the result, while characterization is the process.” Rohrberger and Wood define characterization as the process of creating a character by the author 20. Characterization is the description of character. Murphy adds that through this characterization, an author conveys the characters and the personality of the person heshe writes about 161. Heshe conveys what sort of people they are through this characterization. Rohrberger and Woods add that there are two ways in characterizing a figure of a literary work. Those are direct and dramatic. Direct describes physical appearance or somebody’s intellectual and moral attributes or the degree of sensitivity. Meanwhile, dramatic is applied for describing someone’s character and personality through the behavior or speaks. Moreover, Holman and Harmon define characterization as the way of creating imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike 81. In characterizing an individual in a literary work, the author may use some methods. Murphy lists nine methods in characterization 161-173. The first one is personal description. Someone character can be seen through hisher physical appearance, like chlothing, build, skin color, hair, face, gesture, and so on. The author may also describe the detail of the character by telling the physical look so it can be caught by the readers’ eye. The second one is character as seen by another. Someone’s character can be seen through the eyes and opinion of other character in the novel such as the family, friends, acquaintances and neighbour. Usually the author makes use other character in telling the detail character of an individual. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 11 The third one is speech. The author describes the character of an individu through the speech. By what that person says, the readers could catch the information and clue related to someone’s character because sometimes the author often put the clue in the person’s speaks. The author also gives the clue by letting the readers to understand the character’s past life; what event that contributes in shaping someone’s character. Besides, the author gives clues of a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they said about himher. The conversation between characters in the novel often talk about other people and the things they say often give clue related to other character. Murphy adds that through the characterization personal contact and other people, readers will know about the events and happenings of someone’s past life. Thus, it helps the readers to know why a person behaves and acts as he does at the present time 161. The author also give clue to the readers by the action and the reaction of the character in certain condition and situation. Direct comment in the novel is also an author’s way to describe the person’s character. The author also gives clues from the thoughts of the character. Through this respect, the author is able to do what people cannot do in the real life and tell the readers what different people are thinking about. The last way is called mannerism. By describing a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies, the author can also tell the readers about the character’s personality. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12

3. Theory of Personality