14
14
C. Theoretical Framework
Obama and Clinton as we know experienced public speaking, because their job required them to do so. They can express their personal feelings in their
speeches to convince people about their ideas. Therefore, language device is needed in order to express their feelings. One of language devices available is
adverbs of stance. Discourse analysis plays role in this study as G brown and G yule suggest that discourse analysis typically uses data taken from written texts or
tape recordings 1983. The classifications are generated form Biber et al theories that say there
are three main types of stance adverbs, epistemic adverbs, attitudinal, and stylistic 1999, pp. 854-857. Therefore the classification would be adverbs of stance
showing doubt, certainty, source of knowledge, limitation and attitudinal. Even though there are many terms can be used, the researcher referred to Biber’s
theories. The sentential distribution of adverbs of stance is more or less similar with
other adverbs. As modifier in group structure, adverbs occupy fixed positions. However, they are more mobile, occupying initial, medial or end position, as in
Downing and Locke, 2002. Therefore, the researcher uses these three positions as the classification in sentential distribution. Furthermore, Firbas also suggests in
relation to sentence linearity adverbs are best to be placed initially 1992. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
15
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This research aims to analyze adverbs of stance used by Obama and Clinton in their speeches. The results are expected to show the comparison and
frequency from both speakers. This chapter consists of research method, research objects, research instruments, and data gathering techniques, data analysis
techniques, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
Since this research connects verbal description, checklists and comparison of adverbs together this research refers to qualitative research. The data from this
study are taken from Youtube videos and then trasncripted into documents. According to Neuman 2011, qualitative research usually consists of written or
spoken words rather than data in the form of numbers. Myers 1997 also suggests that data of qualitative research are in a form of descriptive data. This study
focuses on Obama’s and Clinton’s national speeches. The researcher chose health care issues as the topic of the speeches. According to Fraenkel and Wallen 2006
argue that qualitative researchers go directly to the particular setting of interest to observe and collect their data. The research is conducted with descriptive analysis
to analyze checklist tables. The majority data analyzed in this study are in the form of descriptive data.
Kategori