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D. Data Gathering Techniques
In this study, the researcher analyzes speeches as the main source, they are in form of descriptive data. The speeches are collected from Youtube. The data
were collected based on the topics of the speeches. The videos were transcripted into two written speeches. The adverbs were collected by using Microsoft Words
tools. The researcher uses “find” tools to locate the adverbs. The topic is about health care issue. The researcher choose such topic referring to Mecola 2014
health care issue has been discussed by several presidents and yet this issue has not been solved. This topic has been center of attention for several years. The
speakers are both male, this is to make s ure that gender doesn’t affect the results
later on. This decision was taken referred to Lakoff 1973 that suggests “women language” and “men language” is different.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
This study focuses on adverbs of stance discoursal and sentential distribution of adverbs of stance. The first objective is to explain adverbs of stance
discoursal distribution. For this objective, the researcher conducted several steps. First, the researcher determine the text segmentations in form of paragraph then
these paragraph orders are numbered. In order to clarify the location of adverbs of stance the researcher also employs line numbering. Each line is numbered
alongside the paragraph numbering. Second, the researcher observe the data and find adverbs of stance with a program in Microsoft Words namely Find. Next, the
researcher employs orthographic device by bolding adverbs of stance found in both speeches. The findings are put into tables consisting of six types of adverbs
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of stance. There are three main types of stance adverbs, based on semantic criteria which are epistemic adverbs, attitudinal, source of knowledge and stylistic Biber
et al.1999, pp. 854-857. Furthermore, epistemic stance can be divided into stance showing doubt and certainty. Before adverbs of stance were placed in the
table, the researcher analyze what are adverbs of stance present in both speech based on Biber theories and then code them based on their categories. Table 1
which is the discoursal distribution of adverbs of stance are developed as follows.
Table 1.1 Comparative Cross Tabulation of Discoursal Distribution of Adverbs of Stance
Adverbs of Stance Obama’s
Totals Clinton’s
Totals Grand
Totals
Sub Types
Expressions
Certainty ∑ Expression
Doubt ∑ Expression
Actuality ∑ Expression
Source knowledge
Limitation ∑ Expression
Attitudinal ∑ Expression
The table above shows six types of adverbs of stance according to Biber’s theories. The left side of the table consists of list the classification and the
expression found in both speeches. The expressions are divided based on their classifications. There are also rows for total expressions found in both speeches.
This rows are to indicate the totals expressions of adverbs of stance found in Obama’s and Clinton’s speeches.
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In the middle section, there are Obama and Clinton columns. These columns where the researcher put the check marks. The check mark indicates the
expression used by the speakers. There are also totals columns. These columns shows the total of adverbs of stance used by each speakers.
Meanwhile at the right hand of the table, there is grand total row. This row shows the totals of adverbs of stance used by both speakers. In other words, this
row show which adverbs of stance are mostly used by both speakers. In conclusion, discoursal distribution of adverbs of stance discussed about
types of adverbs of stance, their frequency and their functions in both speeches.
2. Comparative Cross Tabulation of Sentential Distribution of Adverbs of Stance
The second objective of this study is to explain the sentential distribution of adverbs of stance. In order to fulfill this objective the researcher divided the
data into sentence segmentations. Each sentence containing adverbs of stance is labeled based on its syntactic function. From this segmentation the researcher
analyses the position of adverbs of stance and counts their frequency. There will be shown how adverb of stance occupy several positions. Adverbs of stance can
occupy initial, medial and last position Biber et all., 1999. Therefore, Table 2 is developed as follows.
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Table 2.1 Cross Tabulation of The Adverbs of Stance: Sentential Distribution
Adverbs of Stance Adverbs of Stance Distribution in Sentences
Sub Types
Expressions
Adv + S + V S + Adv + V
S + V + Adv S + V + O +
Adv
Obama’s Clinton’s Obama’s Clinton’s
Obama’s Clinton’s Obama’s Clinton’s
EC ∑
Position ED
∑ Position
AC ∑
Position SK
LI ∑
Position AT
∑ Position
Grand ∑
Table 2 consists of classifications of adverbs of stance, totals positions, and the position of adverbs of stance itself. Table 2 aims to find the position adverbs of
stance can occupy, and also to show both findings in both speeches as comparison. Adverbials are mobile and can occupy several positions. Therefore,
the researcher divided the positions into four types. First adverbs of stance are occupying initial position. This position is pictured
as Adv+S+V. Second, adverbs of stance occupying medial position. The researcher also divided this position into two subs, which are adverbs of stance
occur before or after the verb Firbas 1992, p. 84. The positions are pictured as S+Adv+V and S+V+Adv. Third, adverbs of stance occupying final position. This
position is pictured as S+V+O+Adv. The positions are also counted to find the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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totals. These totals are to find the most frequent position occupied by adverbs of stance in each speeches. In contrast the grand total is to show the most frequent
position occupied by adverbs of stance in both speeches.
F. Research Procedure
This research begins with observations. The researcher observes the speech transcripts from both speakers. Then from the observations the researchers
categorize any adverbs of stance found in both speeches. Adverbs of stance found in both speeches are analyzed in order to find their discoursal and sentential
distributions. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the results of this research would be explained. Besides, another finding related to this research would also be revealed so that the results
would be compared. This section is intended to analyze adverbs of stance found in Obama’s and Clinton’s speeches. Adverbs of stance are not as popular as other
adverbs. Despite their unpopular use, adverbs of stance have decent use in showing personal judgment about the proposition. Therefore, adverbs of stance
are also important to be introduced. In analyzing the adverbs of stance in Obama’s and Clinton’s speech, the researcher made classification tables, figures and
checklist tables. The criteria of adverbs of stance and their position in a sentence were put and employed in the tables to analyze the data and to get the research
results and other findings.
A. Discoursal Distributions of Adverbs of Stance
This following part shows the analysis of Adverbs of Stance in Obama’s speech. Table 1 shows that both speakers have different tendency in using
adverbs of stance. Obama was more likely to use adverbs of stance showing certainty, while Clinton was likely to use adverbs of stance showing attitude.
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