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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This part exposes the theories used by the researcher. This part consists of previous studies, theoretical description, and theoretical framework.
A. Previous Studies
Adverbs of stance have been studied previously by Douglas Biber, Dolezalova, Kristen Precht, and Francisco Alonso Almeida - Nila Vázquez.
The study by Biber 2004 about study of stance covers the analysis of linguistic choices in discourse, which may express meanings other than literal.
Biber 2004 studies the stance in multi-register aspects from a historical perspective to conclude that stance marking varies across some conditions: Stance
strategies with similar function may be different from one condition to another, and they may also increase or decrease in frequency. Furthermore, for the
conclusion, the majority of works generally based on historical texts deals with modal verbs.
The study by Doležalová 2010 deals with sentence adverbials in
newspaper reports. She seeks for adverbial stances in the newspaper and focuses on characteristic features of individual sentence adverbials, their semantics, form
and position. The findings were the semantic category of stance adverbials, the category of doubt and certainty was the most used class on the basis of the results
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of the analysis. With 31 occurrences it constitutes 43 of all the stance adverbials analyzed 72 samples. The adverbials perhaps and probably appeared
with high frequency in the analyzed articles. It was expected that these adverbials, which show doubt about the proposition and express predictions and suppositions
that have not been clearly proven, would occur commonly in news. The study by
Krirsten Precht 2003 discusses about Stance moods in spoken English, her interest was on British and American English. The study was
about the analysis in the attitude, emotion, certainty and doubt stance in a large corpus of British and American conversation. The findings are assessed through
an automated procedure for identifying stance, lexical items, occurring in particular grammar frames. The frequencies were analyzed with a multi-variants
statistical procedure known as factor analysis which identifies co-occurrence patterns factors. The conclusion from the study was in general conversation
among adults, the Americans tended to use much more affect, and tended to use a small, pat set of affect markers as evaluations at the end of stories. The British
tended to use more evidential overall, and seemed to increase the number and intensity of evidential to show involvement
. The study from Francisco Alonso Almeida - Nila Vázquez 2006 aims to
find stance and the way stance is expressed through modal verbs. This study uses qualitative method and analyses about 350,000 words from eleven different
English books. The main conclusion is that adverbs of stance expressed through modals are not systematically used, and the function may be affected and
influenced by more than one form. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Different from the previous studies, this study aims to explain discoursal distribution and sentential distribution of adverbs of stance in political speeches to
be more specific this study uses Obama’s and Clinton’s speeches. This study also
exposes the sentence linearity of adverbs of stance.
B. Theoretical Description
Kategori