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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This research aims to analyze adverbs of stance used by Obama and Clinton in their speeches. The results are expected to show the comparison and
frequency from both speakers. This chapter consists of research method, research objects, research instruments, and data gathering techniques, data analysis
techniques, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
Since this research connects verbal description, checklists and comparison of adverbs together this research refers to qualitative research. The data from this
study are taken from Youtube videos and then trasncripted into documents. According to Neuman 2011, qualitative research usually consists of written or
spoken words rather than data in the form of numbers. Myers 1997 also suggests that data of qualitative research are in a form of descriptive data. This study
focuses on Obama’s and Clinton’s national speeches. The researcher chose health care issues as the topic of the speeches. According to Fraenkel and Wallen 2006
argue that qualitative researchers go directly to the particular setting of interest to observe and collect their data. The research is conducted with descriptive analysis
to analyze checklist tables. The majority data analyzed in this study are in the form of descriptive data.
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The data were gathered from Youtube and the transcripted, methods applied in this research is document analysis. According to Wahyuni 2012,
content analysis is one of numerous methods used to analyze text data. Further, Kondracky and Wellman 2002 point out that the text data might be in verbal,
print, or electronic form which might obtained from articles, books or manuals as cited in Wahyuni, 2012. Documents become the text data in this research. In this
case, the transcripts are observed and analyzed.
B. Research Objectives
There are two objectives in this study, which are to explain discoursal distribution and to explain sententi
al distribution in Obama’s and Clinton’s speeches.
C. Research Instruments
The research instruments applied in this study are cross tabulations. The cross tabulations are developed based on the focus of this research. Therefore, the
cross tabulations are divided into two parts namely table 1 and table 2. The first cross tabulation is about comparisons of adverbs of stance in discoursal
distribution. The cross tabulation generated based on adverbs of stance classification. Table 2 is the cross tabulation related to adverbs of stance sentential
distribution. The cross tabulation is developed based on Firbas’ 1998 theories. In this research, there are six category used in the checklists to analyze the adverbs
of stance, Adverbs of stance showing doubt, certainty, limitation, attitude, source of knowledge and actuality.
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D. Data Gathering Techniques
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