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The speeches were obtained from Youtube and then transcripted. The transcripts were analyzed and broken down into two tables.
F. Definition of Terms
This part exposes the key terms of this research namely discourse analysis, speech, adverbs of stance, and sentence linearity. The key terms are defined as
follows.
1. Discourse Analysis
According to Brown and Yule 1983 discourse analysis is typically based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. The type of linguistic
material is sometimes described as performance data and may contain features such as hesitations, slips, and non-standard forms.
2. Speech
Speech is one technique of public speaking. It is about delivering ideas, opinions, or persuasions verbally in front of public or audiences Dwiwibawa,
2008.
3. Adverbs of Stance
Biber and Finnegan 1998 suggest that stance is the lexical and grammatical expression of attitudes, feelings, judgments, or commitment of a
message. Adverbs stance markers can be characterized with respect to two major parameters, which are semantic class and placement in the clause. In addition,
most stance adverbs are similar in becoming setting in clause and presenting the speakers attitude or thought in that clause Hunston Thompson, 2001:58-59.
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4. Sentence Linearity
In the theory of informative language structure, adverbs of stance are
typically used as setting Firbas 1992, p. 9.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This part exposes the theories used by the researcher. This part consists of previous studies, theoretical description, and theoretical framework.
A. Previous Studies
Adverbs of stance have been studied previously by Douglas Biber, Dolezalova, Kristen Precht, and Francisco Alonso Almeida - Nila Vázquez.
The study by Biber 2004 about study of stance covers the analysis of linguistic choices in discourse, which may express meanings other than literal.
Biber 2004 studies the stance in multi-register aspects from a historical perspective to conclude that stance marking varies across some conditions: Stance
strategies with similar function may be different from one condition to another, and they may also increase or decrease in frequency. Furthermore, for the
conclusion, the majority of works generally based on historical texts deals with modal verbs.
The study by Doležalová 2010 deals with sentence adverbials in
newspaper reports. She seeks for adverbial stances in the newspaper and focuses on characteristic features of individual sentence adverbials, their semantics, form
and position. The findings were the semantic category of stance adverbials, the category of doubt and certainty was the most used class on the basis of the results
