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F. Definition of Terms
This part provides the definition of each term used in this study from some resources. The terms defined are design, speaking, Multiple Intelligence, and the
fourth grade of SDN Bogem 2 Sleman Yogyakarta.
1. Design
Design is a general arrangement or planning of materials which will be used in the class. Designing is the same as creating new materials that fit the
learning objectives and specific subject area of particular learners Hutchinson and Waters, 1994. Materials are anything which used to help to teach language
learners Tomlinson, 2005. Materials could be newspapers, books, games, cassettes, videos, dictionaries, pictures, etc. Materials are developed in order to
increase the learners’ knowledge and also experiences of the language Tomlinson, 2005. In this research, designing refers to developing speaking
materials based on Multiple Intelligences theory in order to improve students’ motivation in learning English. Through materials, the learners can improve their
ability in using language and give them exposures of English.
2. Speaking
Speaking is a productive oral skill. It consists of producing systematic verbal utterance to convey meaning Bailey, 2003, p. 48. If students want to be
able to speak fluently in English, they have to be able to pronounce phonemes correctly, use appropriate stress and intonation patterns, and speak in connected
speech Harmer, 2007. In this thesis, the writer defines speaking as activities in
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asking and answering simple questions and practising simple expressions in English.
3. Multiple Intelligences
Multiple Intelligences is a theory proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983. The theory of Multiple Intelligences states that there are seven areas of
intelligence: Linguistic Intelligence, Logical-mathematical Intelligence, Visual- spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence,
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Intelligence, and Naturalist Intelligence Beachner Pickett, 2001. This theory provides various activities in learning so that the
students’ motivation in joining the activities can be developed.
4. The Fourth Grade Students of SDN Bogem 2 Sleman Yogyakarta
In this research, the students refer to the fourth grade students of SDN Bogem 2 Sleman Yogyakarta. Most of them are 9-11 years old. The class consists
of 34 students. Most of the students come from villages around the school. Most of them also speak in Javanese in their daily conversation. The students get
English class once a week. From the class observation, the writer finds some special characteristics of the students during the learning process.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer presents a review of some theories that can support this research. This chapter is divided into two main parts. In the first part,
the researcher provides the theoretical description, whereas in the second part, the researcher presents the theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
In this part, the writer elaborates the four main theories. They are the instructional design model, Multiple Intelligences, speaking, and young learners.
The elaboration will define the terms used in this research to give more details about the terms.
1. Instructional Design Model
In this research, the writer focuses on Dick and Carey’s model which is often used in Educational Research and Development. The model constructs ten
steps of designing an instructional product Dick Carey, 2008, pp. 6-8. The ten steps include identifying instructional goals, conducting instructional analysis,
analysing learners and contexts, writing performance objectives, developing assesment instruments, developing instructional strategy, developing and selecting
instructional materials, designing and conducting formative evaluation of instruction, revising instruction, as well as designing and conducting summative
evaluation. The figure of the cycle conducted in Educational Research and Development is presented as follows.
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