3 Words
A word is the smallest unit, which we would expect to possess individual meaning Baker, 1992:11. In other words, the word is the smallest unit of
language that can stand alone. In English, words can be classified into eight parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, conjunction, preposition, and
interjection. 4
Phrases Groups A phrase is a group of words in a sentence that functions as a single part of
speech Forlini, 1987: 133. Phrases take a single position in linguistic unit, which is different from sentence. A phrase also grammatically equal with a word, which
does not have subject and predicate. 5
Clauses Sentences Clause or sentence is a string of groups or phrases which operates as
exponent of element of sentence-structure. Forlini 1987: 15 states that a clause is group of words with its subject and predicate. It is one of the linguistics elements
which hierarchy is higher than a word and a phrase but below a sentence. There are two major types of clauses, namely independent clause free clause which
operates as single idea and dependent clause bound clause which operates as the attachment of sentences. The example is “He likes Chinese rice which tastes
good.‖ He likes Chinese rice is free clause and which tastes good is bound clause. Clause and sentence are categorized in the same rank because both are equally
embodiment of groupphrase which contains a single idea or more.
6 Texts
A text is a unit of language use Machali, 1998: 2.So, a text is written expression but text comprised word of and sentences. A text is more significant as
the realization of meaning.
2. Translation
a Definitions of Translation
Translation is an activity performed on languages. The process is substituting a text in one language for a text in another. In other words, translation
is a part of language processes. Thus, it is also a part of communication processes. This process can happen not only between two different languages but also in the
same language. However, most people are more familiar with translation between two languages, which is called interlingual translation.
Translation absolutely concerns with a transfer of information from the source language SL into target or receptor language TL. Nida and Taber
1982: 12- 13 state, “Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language,
the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in the terms of style‖, whereas Brislin 1976: 1 states,
“Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thought and ideas from one language source to another target, whether the language in written or oral
form‖. Nida and Taber say that writing the style in translation is also important while Brislin emphasizes on the process of transferring the idea of the source
language into the target language as the main priority. Roger T. Bell In
Newmark, 1988: 6 defines, “Translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by
a representation of an equivalent text in second language‖. The important thing to point out here is that translation is an activity or a process
of representing equivalence from one language into another. Bell 1991: 5 further explains, “Translation is the expression in another language or target language
on what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalents‖. It is obvious that translation concerns the reproduction of
equal message which should include semantic equivalence and stylistic equivalence.
In accordance with the statements above, it can be noted that translation is a process of transferring thoughts, ideas, and any messages from the source
language into the target language by considering the equivalence of meaning and style whether it is in written or oral form.
b Translation Types
A text of a language to be translated has both form and meaning. Larson 1984: 17 defines two main kinds of translation. They are form-based and
meaning-based. Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language which is known as literal translations, whereas meaning-based
translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the target language. This is also called
idiomatic translation. Jakobson in Venuti 2000: 114 distinguishes three kinds of translation as
follows:
