ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF PROPER NOUNS IN 5 MENARA AS REALIZED IN KILBANE’S THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS THE FUADI’S NEGERI.

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Language and Literature

by

Yunita Suryarini 10211141021

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2016

i A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a

Sarjana Sastra Degreein English Literature

Yunita Suryarini 10211141021

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2016

NEGERI5 MENARA AS REALIZED IN KILBANE'S THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS

A THESIS

By:

Yunita Suryarini 10211141021

Approved on December 24th, 2015

First Consultant

Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum. NIP. 19780625200501 1 001

11

Second Consultant

Rachmat Nu ahyo, S.S., M.A. NIP. 19800224 200312 1 001

NEGERl5 MENARA AS REALIZED IN KILBANE'S THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS

A THESIS

Accepted by the Board of Thesis Examiners of Language and Arts Faculty of Yogyakarta State University on JanuaryＳＱｾＲＰＱＶ and declare to have fulfilled the requirement to acquire aSarjana s.astraDegree in English Literature.

Position Chair Person

Secretary

First Examiner

Second Examiner

Board of Examiners Name

: Sukamo, S.Pd., M.Hum

: Rachmat Nurcahyo, S.S., M.A.

: Drs. Asruddin Barori Tou, Ph.D

: Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum

Signature

v

“Maka ni

kmat Tuhan kamu yang

manakah yang kamu dustakan?”

(Q.S. 55:13)

“Maka sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan ada

kemudahan, sesungguhnya bersama kesulitan ada

kemudahan”

(Q.S. 94:5-6)

Man Jadda Wajadda, siapa yg bersungguh-sungguh akan berhasil;

Man Shabara Zhafira, siapa yg bersabar akan beruntung;

Man Saara Ala Darbi Washala, siapa yg berjalan di jalannya akan sampai

ke tujuan.

vi

This work is dedicated to

BAPAK, IBU,

vii thesis. I would also like to send my thanks to:

1. Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum., as my first consultant and Rachmat Nurcahyo, S.S., M.A., as my second consultant, for their time and patient to give advice during the process of writing this thesis;

2. Asih Sigit Padmanugraha, M.Hum., my academic advisor, who had given his advices in the academic world. I wish he get the best place beside Him;

3. my parents, bapak Rahayu Mulyono, B.A. and ibu Sumarsih, for their endless love, pray, and support both morally or financially so that I can finish my study;

4. my beloved, Mas Eko Budi Santosa, S.T., for his love, support, positive anger, patience, and time to accompany me writing this thesis;

5. Bu Darsih, Bu Ismi, and Mbak Astri, for their permission and chance for me to take a very long break during finishing this thesis, I will be back to schools; 6. all my students in Junior Red Cross in Junior High School 9 and

Muhammadiyah 2 Junior High School, for their spirit during I left them to finish my thesis;

7. all friends in class B and translation class 2010, Diah, Ana, Rifa, Fitri, Tsasa, Aci, Erys; for coloring my days when I study in Yogyakarta State University;

viii

9. all people that I cannot mention one by one who have helped me finish this thesis.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, any comments and suggestions are accepted for the betterment.

Yogyakarta, January 2016

ix

RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii

PERNYATAAN ... iv

MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATIONS ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv

ABSTRACT ... xvi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Research ……… 1

B. Focus of the Research………... 2

C. Objectives of the Research ………... 3

D. Significances of the Research ……….. 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 5

A. Theoretical Review ………. 5

1. Translation……….. 5

x

2. Proper Noun……….. 13

3. Meaning Equivalence………. 16

4. About Negeri 5 Menara………. 16

B. Conceptual Framework ……… 17

C. Analytical Construct………. 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 22

A. Type of Study………... 22

B. Data and Data Sources………. 22

C. Research Instrument………. 22

D. Research Procedure……….. 23

E. Trustworthiness………. 23

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 25

A. Research Results……….... 25

1. The Type of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara... 25

2. The Techniques in Translating the Proper Nouns……….. 26

3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalent of the Translation of the Proper Nouns………... 28

B. DISCUSSION……….. 28

1. The Types of Proper Nouns………... 29

xi

Techniques and the Meaning Equivalent……….. 57

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 61

A. Conclusions………61

B. Suggestions………62

REFERENCES ... 64

xii

Table 2. Types of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara ... 26 Table 3. Translation Techniques of the Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s

Negeri 5 Menara ... 27

Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara ... 28 Table 5. The Summary of the Data ... 58

xiii

xiv Con : Conventionality

Cop : Copy Del : Deletion

DM : Different Meaning E : Equivalent

FE : Fully Equivalent GU : Geographical Unit H : Holiday

NE : Non Equivalent NM : No Meaning

NR : Nationality and Religion P : word used for Personification PE : Partly Equivalent

Phonrep : Phonological Replacement PN : Personal Name

Rec : Recreation Ren : Rendition SL : Source Text ST : Source Text Sub : Substitution TL : Target Text Trcrip : Transcription

xvi By:

Yunita Suryarini 10211141021 ABSTRACT

The objectives of this research are (1) to identify the types of proper nouns in the novel Negeri 5 Menara, (2) to identify the techniques that are used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in novel Negeri 5 Menara and its English version The Land of Five Towers, and (3) to describe the degree of meaning equivalent of the translation of the proper nouns in Negeri 5 Menara and its English version The Land of Five Towers.

This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. To strengthen and support the data analysis this research also employs quantitative analysis to show the answer of first and second objective. The data were collected from Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara and its English translation in the form of word or phrase which are containing proper noun.

The results of this research show that all types of proper nouns are found in the texts. They are personal name, geographical unit, nationality and religion, holiday, time unit, and word used for personification. The most frequent proper noun is personal name with 37.54% occurrences. It shows that Fuadi’s Negeri 5

Menara involves many characters. All the translation techniques are also found in

the English version of Negeri 5 Menara. They are rendition, copy, transcription, recreation, substitution, deletion, addition, transposition, phonological replacement, and conventionality. Copy is the most frequent technique that is used by the translator in translating the proper nouns. It is used in 377 data or 56.60%. It implicates that any proper noun can be translated by copying technique. For the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper noun, the result is mostly fully equivalent with 613 occurrences of 666 data. It shows that mostly the translation of the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara is good in terms of the meaning equivalence.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

Today, reading is a need for many people. In Yogyakarta’s Library which is located in Jl. Suroto 9 Kotabaru, everyday hundreds people visit of this library. They are not only students, but also common community members. It is related to the proverb “book is the window of the world” which means that people can develop their knowledge by reading books. People can get new knowledge by reading many kinds of book such as biography, encyclopedia, comic, but the most popular of all is novel. However, sometimes readers are interested in books which are written in English or in other languages that they do not understand. To solve this problem, those books are translated into their native language. Therefore, from the translated books, anyone can read and understand the content of the books that are written in other language.

Most of the translated novels are English-Bahasa Indonesia translation. However, in recent years, Indonesian literary works significantly develop since they begin to be translated into English, such as Anak Semua Bangsa by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata, and Negeri 5 Menara

by A. Fuadi. It shows that Indonesia has many talented writers. Negeri 5 Menara

is well-known not only in Indonesia but also in other side of the earth because this book inspires readers to believe in their dreams and do the best to make them come true. Angie Kilbane translated this novel into English entitled The Land of

Five Towers so that the messages can be delivered to readers from other countries because English is one of international languages.

Due to high interest of the readers to this novel, including foreign readers who want to know more about Indonesia and Islam, English translation of this novel is preferred. Based on this, the translator translated Negeri 5 Menara into

The Land of Five Towers to satisfy the readers who cannot understand Bahasa

Indonesia.

Negeri 5 Menara tells about the Alif’s journey at Madani Islamic

Boarding School in East Java. In that school, Alif meets five boys from other city in Indonesia. They are extremely excited about a powerful Arabic proverb Man

Jadda Wajada that means “he who gives his all will surely succeed” which is

campaigned in the first day in Madani Islamic Boarding School. To fill their spare time, they gathered in beneath of mosque’s minaret to discuss everything including their dreams. Each of them has a dream to go abroad in future. They imagine the shape of cloud is the shape of the continent that they want to go. Because of this, they are known as “fellowship of the manara”.

B. Focus of the Research

Translation is not a simple activity. It does not simply change the form of the words, phrases, or sentences but translator must transfer the message or idea. Therefore, there are problems that may occur in its translation. The problems that usually occur in translating novels are address term, cultural item, religion expression and proper nouns.

Proper noun is related to message because it can be the subject or object of an idea. In Fuadi’s book, there are many proper nouns that must be translated. Translating proper noun can be in several ways. The example of the proper nouns translation in those books is “Amak” that means “mother”. Angie did not translate “Amak” into “mom”, “mother”, or its synonym. Even, she preserved the form without any change. The technique used by the translator is copying. This research focuses only on proper nouns which exist in Negeri 5 Menara by A.Fuadi and its English version The Land of Five Towers translated by Angie Kilbane.

Based on the background and the focus of the research above, the problems of the research are formulated as follows.

1. What are the types of proper nouns found in A. Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara?

2. What are the techniques used by the translator in translating those proper nouns in A. Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara?

3. What is the degree of the meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns in A.Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara?

C. Objectives of the Research

Based on formulation of the research above, the objectives of this research are:

2. to identify the techniques that are used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in novel Negeri 5 Menara, and

3. to describe the degree of the meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns in the novel Negeri 5 Menara.

D. Significances of the Research

The significances of this research are as follows.

1. Theoretical Significance

This research is expected to give knowledge and understanding in translating proper nouns from Bahasa Indonesia to English or vice versa.

2. Practical Significance

This research is also expected to be used as additional references for English Department students whose interest in translation.

5

There are three points in this chapter. The first point is the literature review explaining the relevant theories of this research. The second point is the conceptual framework describing briefly the concept of the research conducted. The last point is analytical construct that is presented through a diagram to show the researcher’s framework.

A. Theoretical Review

The four topics which become the umbrella in this study are translation, proper nouns, meaning equivalence, and about Negeri 5 Menara. Each topic is discussed in this chapter.

1. Translation

In this point, the explanation about translation will be divided into four sections. Those are definitions of translation, types of translation, process of translation, and techniques of translation.

a. Definitions of Translation

Translation is basically an activity change text from source language into target language. Some scholars had defined what translation is. Catford (1965:20) defines translation as the replacement of textual materials in one language (SL) by equivalent textual materials in another language (TL). In line with Catford, Newmark (1988:5) also defines translation as rendering the meaning of a text into

another language in the way that the author intended the text. Those definitions focus on the terms equivalent the textual material and the difference of language.

Other scholars who define translation are Nida and Taber (1982:12). They define translation as the process of reproducing a natural equivalent meaning from the source language (SL) to target language (TL) firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. From this point, it can be assumed that meaning is above anything, because the meaning is mentioned first. Then the translator can deal with the style. Thus, translator is supposed to preserve the result as natural as possible.

From those definitions, it can be concluded that translation is transferring the message or idea from the source language (SL) into target language (TL). In translation the first priority is the meaning then the style is the second one. To get meaning equivalent the translator might deliver the meaning first and change the style.

Moreover, translation can be viewed from two points of view. First view is translation as a process and the second view is translation as a product. The definitions above show that translation is a process or an activity. Translation as a product is the result of the process. Readers just see the “result” of the practice by a translator, not the practice itself (Machali, 2009). In this research, translation is seen as a product because the researcher analyzes the translation of the proper nouns realized in the English version of Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara.

b. Types of Translation

According to Larson (1984:15) there are two types of translation. They are form-based translation and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation is a translation type that the target language (TL) follows the form of the source language (SL). This is also known as literal translation. While meaning-based translation or idiomatic translation is a translation type that communicates the meaning of the source language (SL) text in the natural forms of the target language (TL).

On the other hand, there are three categories of translation described by Jakobson (in Bassnett 2002:23). He categorizes translation into three types. They are intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic.

1) Intralingual translation

This type is the translation of a text from the same language. For example an English novel is translated into English.

2) Interlingual translation

In this type the translator translates into other language, the example is Harry

Potter by J.K. Rowling that translated into many languages.

3) Intersemiotic translation

This type means the translator must translates from non-written works to written work or the opposite. The example is no smoking sign is translated into a symbol of crossed cigarette.

This research uses interlingual translation because the data sources are taken from Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara and it translation by Angie Kilbane. Since

the translation involves two languages, Bahasa Indonesia and English, it is considered to interlingual translation.

c. Process of Translation

The process of translation had been explained by Nida and Taber (1982:33). They state that translation consists of three steps. Those processes are explained as follows.

1) Analysis. This process is analyzing the terms of grammatical relationship, the meaning and combination of the words.

2) Transfer. In this step the analyzed material is transferred in mind of translator from one language to other language.

3) Restructuring. The transferred material is restructured to make sure that the message fully acceptable in the target reader of the translation product.

For further information, Nida and Taber make a diagram of translation process.

A (source) B (receptor)

(Analysis) (Restructuring)

X (transfer) Y Figure 1. Translation Process by Nida and Taber (1982:33)

Based on that diagram, it is known that a translator has a text which must be translated, so that the translator should analyze the text. In this process the translator builds up description of language and gradually understands how people

use the language in social communication. It also can be considered with the dynamic process of translation in the discourse, and rhetorical structures encoded in the source language can be restructured in the target language. Then, the translator makes sure for the appropriate syntax and lexicon. A good translation indicates that the translator had been able to reconstruct the rhetorical structures of the source language in the target language.

In analysis process, the translator finds the breaks down the texts into translatable elements. Then, the translator transfers into suitable terms in the target text. In this research, that process is called as transfer process. The next process is restructuring. In this step, the translator restructures all elements of the text from the source language to the target language to result the translation product.

d. Techniques of Translation

In translation, there are several familiar terms such as method, procedure and technique. However those terms are often confusing. Molina and Albir (2002) state that translation method is an option that has been chosen by the translator to carry out the translation project. They also define translation techniques as procedures used to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. In line with Molina and Albir, Vinay and Darbelnet state that translation procedure is actually same as translation technique. There are ten translation techniques according Fernandes (2006). They are explained below.

1) Rendition

When the proper noun in the ST is enmeshed in the TT, the meaning is rendered in the TT. Below is the example of rendition.

ST : Tuhan tambahkanilmu kami . . .

TT: Lord, add to our knowledge . . .

The translator translates the word “Tuhan” as “Lord” which is a synonym of God.

2) Copy

Copy is when the proper noun in the ST is reproduced in the TT without any change. The example of copy is shown below.

ST : Amak dan Ayah mungkin sedang tidak punya uang.

TT: Maybe Amak and Father didn’t have enough money right now.

In that sentence, “Amak” means “mother”, but the translator does not change it into “mother” or the other synonyms. The translator just copies it in the TT. 3) Transcription

It is a method that a word, for example a name, is transcribed in the equivalent characters of the TL to keep the readability of the TT. Here is the example of transcription.

ST : . . . ke PM bulan Syawal depan.

TT: . . . to MP next month in Shawwal.

In that sentence, “Syawal”, one of the names of month in Islamic calendar system, is translated into “Shawwal”. The translator transcripts the symbol

“sy” into “sh” and puts double “w” to keep the readability in the target language.

4) Re-creation

In this technique, the translator re-creates or invents a new proper noun but it has similar effect to the ST. Below is the example of re-creation.

ST : Giant (Japan version) TT: Damulag (Filipina version)

In Doraemon serials, Giant has a big body. In Filipina, Giant is known as

Damulag which means “big kid” in Tagalog.

5) Substitution

A TL proper noun replaces the SL proper noun, although the SL and TL formally and/or semantically unrelated. Here is the example of substitution. ST : Pertama adalah Masjid Jami’ . . . .

TT: The first is main mosque . . .

In this example, the word “jami’” is substituted by “main”. 6) Deletion

In this type of strategy, the meaning of proper noun in the ST is partially or totally removed from the TT. Below is the example of deletion.

ST : … asuhan ulama terkenal seperti Syeikh Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabawy ….

TT: -

7) Addition

Extra information is added to the SL proper noun so that it can be more understandable and desirable to the target readers. Below is the example. ST : . . .ke Cina saja disuruh belajar, masak ke Jawa saja tidak.

TT: . . . tells us to go to China, why not to East Java?

The word “Jawa” in the TT is added with “East”. It makes more specific and understandable to the target reader.

8) Transposition

It is a change of one part of speech for another one without any shift in the meaning. Here is the example.

ST : . . . pemikir modern Islam . . . TT: . . . a modern Islamic thinker . . .

In this case, “Islam” in the ST is a noun and it is translated into an adjective “Islamic”.

9) Phonological Replacement

In this procedure, the phonological features of the original name are imitated in the TL. In other words, a TL name, which has a similar sound to the SL name, replaces the original name. The example of this technique is shown below.

ST : Ibrahim TT: Abraham

10)Conventionality

This technique occurs when a word especially a proper noun in the TT is conventionally accepted as the translation of the ST. It is usually used for historical or literary figures and geographical locations. The example of conventionality is shown below.

ST : . . . naik mobil ke kantor George Bush di Gedung Putih, . . .

TT: . . . by car away from George W. Bush’s office at the White House, . . . In Bahasa Indonesia, White House is known as Gedung Putih.

2. Proper Noun

Noun is a part of speech used for name of place, thing, person, or action. According to Nussbaum (2015), there are seven types of noun. Two of them are proper noun and common noun. They are explained as follows.

a. Proper noun. It is the specific noun that is written by capital letter in the first letter. Here are the examples: Jakarta, Anna, Semeru, Islam, etc.

b. Common noun. It is noun which is not included in the notion of proper noun. For examples: city, girl, mountain, religion, etc.

Proper noun is a noun which is specific to something and it has been written in capital even though in middle of sentence. According to Frank (1972:6) a proper noun begins with a capital letter in writing. He lists six types of proper nouns. They are explained as follows.

a. Personal names. It is a name of person, for example Mr. Alex Ferdinand, Doraemon, Alice, Anna.

b. Geographical units. It is a name of some places includes countries, cities, rivers, etc. such as Mahakam River, Tokyo, Lake Toba.

c. Nationalities and religions. They are related to a status of belonging to particular nation and religion, for example Indonesian, Javanese, Moslem. d. Holidays. It is a name of some special days or festival in a country or a

religion, usually everyone has no work or school in those days, such as Christmas, Idul Fitri, and Independence Day.

e. Time units. It is a particular time unit that must written by capital letters such as the name of month and day. The examples are Sunday, May, June.

f. Word used for personification. It is a thing or abstraction treated as a person, such as Liberty, Nature.

According to Panitia Pengembangan Bahasa Indonesia (2000) there are ten types of noun in Bahasa Indonesia that must be written with capital letter. They are listed and explained as follows.

a. Berkaitan dengan Tuhan, agama, kitab suci, and kata ganti Tuhan. It is for

the noun related to God, religion, holy book, and the God’s pronoun. For examples are Allah, Injil, Gusti Allah, etc.

b. Gelar kehormatan, keagamaan yang diikuti oleh nama orang. It is for the

honored or religious title that is followed by the name. The example is Ustad Torik.

c. Jabatan, pangkat yang diikuti nama orang. Duty or position that is followed

by the name is must be written in capital. For examples, Jenderal Sudirman, Gubernur Sri Sultan HB X, Kolonel Sugiyono.

d. Nama orang. Name of person is must be capitalized, for example Fanny, Tika, Eko.

e. Nama bangsa, suku, bahasa. Nationality, ethnicity, language are also written

in capital. The examples are Dayak, Bahasa Jawa,

f. Nama tahun, bulan, hari, hari raya, peristiwa sejarah. In Bahasa Indonesia

time units, holidays, historical moments are written in capital. Here are the example, Masehi, Juni, Senin, Idul Fitri, Perang Diponegoro.

g. Nama geografi. Like in English, geographical units are also capitalized. Here

are the examples Gunung Tambora, Danau Toba, Sungai Mahakam.

h. Unsur nama negara, lembaga pemerintah, ketatanegaraan, dokumen resmi. It

is for element of a state, the name of department, constitution, official document. The examples are Republik Indonesia, Departemen Dalam Negeri, Keputusan Walikota.

i. Bentuk ulang sempurna yang terdapat pada nama badan atau lembaga

pemerintah dan ketatanegaraan, dokumen resmi. In Bahasa Indonesia,

perfect repetition in the name of department and constitution, official document are must be written in capital letter. For example are Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Rancangan Undang-Undang Kepalangmerahan.

j. Nama buku, majalah, surat kabar, judul karangan. Name of book, magazine,

newspaper, title of article are written in capital, for examples Ranah 3 Warna,

3. Meaning Equivalence

According to Catford (1965:20), translation is the replacement of textual materials in one language to another language by equivalent textual materials in another language. Equivalence is the important point that has to be paid more attention in the activity of translation. It is discovered by comparing the source language and target language.

Baker in In Other Words (1992:5) classifies equivalence in translation into five. The first is equivalence at word level, which explores are the meaning of a single word or expressions. The second is equivalence above word level, which explores the meaning of combination of words and phrases. The third is grammatical equivalence, which deals with grammatical categories such as number and gender. The fourth is textual equivalence, which explores the meaning of the textual level of language. The last is pragmatic equivalence, which looks at how texts are used in communicative situations that involved variables such as writers, readers, and cultural context.

Meanwhile, Bell (1991:6) says that a text in a different language can be equivalent in different degrees. Bell divides the degrees equivalence into equivalent meaning which consists of fully equivalent and partly equivalent, and non equivalent meaning which consists of different meaning and no meaning.

4. About Negeri 5 Menara

Negeri 5 Menara is written by Ahmad Fuadi. It is first book of trilogy

Negeri 5 Menara. A. Fuadi was born in West Sumatera and went to Java to obey

Islamic boarding school, he continued his study in Padjadjaran University and he became a journalist. Fuadi is a scholarship hunter. Until today he has got eight scholarships to study abroad. He wrote this novel based on his life story.

Negeri 5 Menara tells about Alif’s life journey at Madani Islamic

Boarding School in East Java. Alif meets four boys from across archipelago who later became his best friends. In the first day of school, they were given a doctrine by their teacher through an Arabic proverb Man Jadda Wajada which means “he who gives his all will surely succeed”. The teacher used a log and a blunt machete when demonstrated the proverb. They gathered in beneath of the mosque’s minaret when they have spare time. They do anything under minaret such as studying before exam, practicing before their performance, waiting the time of praying, etc. Since that they were known as “fellowship of the manara”. Under the minaret they discuss everything such as about their dream. Each of them has dream to visit a country. By the Arabic proverb, they believe that if they work hard to make their dream come true, they will get their dream in future, because God truly is The Listener.

B. Conceptual Framework

This research focuses on finding out the types of proper nouns, the translation techniques of the proper nouns and the degree of the meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns in Negeri 5 Menara by Fuadi which is translated by Angie Kilbane into The Land of Five Towers. They are derived by analyzing the types of proper nouns in the novel.

This research adopts the notion of translation by Nida and Taber, that translation is the process of reproducing a natural and equivalent meaning from the source language (SL) to target language (TL) firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Therefore, the employments of the translation techniques influencing the meaning equivalence in the target language are the points in this study. In analyzing the techniques used in the English translation, the collected data of proper nouns are categorized into six types.

This research adopted the definition and the types of proper noun by Frank. The definition of proper noun by Frank is a proper noun begins with a capital letter in writing. These types of proper nouns employed in the texts appear to be the first point. Those are personal name, geographic unit, nationality and religion, name of holiday, time unit, and word use for personification. Personal name is name of person that must be written by capital letters, for example “Ahmad Fuadi”. Geographical unit is name of some places including countries, cities, rivers, mountains, etc. for example is “Musi River”. Nationalities and religion also must be written which capital letters for example “Christians” and “Sundanese”. The example of holiday’s name is “Waisak”. Moreover, time units are including name of day and month, the examples are “June” and “Thursday”. The last one is word used for personification, a thing or abstraction treated as a person, for examples are “Liberty” and “Nature”. Proper nouns can be expressed in word or phrase rank expression.

This research adopts Lincoln Fernandes’ translation techniques. Fernandes classifies ten techniques of translation. They are rendition, copy, transcription,

re-creation, substitution, deletion, addition, transposition, phonological replacement, and conventionality.

The notion of meaning equivalence in this research is adopted from Bell’s theory. Based on his theory, it is divided into equivalent meaning and non equivalent meaning.

Equivalent meaning consists of fully equivalent meaning and partly equivalent meaning. The fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into the target text. For example word “Sumatera

Barat” translated into “West Sumatera”. While partly equivalent meaning occurs

when the translation omits or adds some information in the target text that is not found in the source text. The meaning of the source text is not fully delivered into the target text. For example the words “Sazli Rais” that refers to a news anchor has special characteristic, in the target text it is generalized into “news anchor”.

Non-equivalent meaning consists of different meaning and no meaning. Different meaning occurs when the meaning from the source text is translated differently into the target text. The example of different meaning is the word “Isya” in the ST which means one of Muslim’s pray, it is translated in the TT into “dinner” which means eating in the evening. No meaning occurs when one or some words are omitted so that the information or message of the source text loses in the target text. The example is the word “Betawi”. In the ST, which is omits in the TT.

C. Analytical Construct

The aims of this research are to identify the types of proper nouns and the techniques that are used to translate the proper nouns in Negeri 5 Menara by A. Fuadi and its translation The Land of Five Towers by Angie Kilbane, and to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation proper nouns in those novels. To fulfill these aims, the researcher makes a diagram of thinking.

Firstly, the researcher finds the proper nouns which are exist in Fuadi’s

Negeri 5 Menara and its English version. After that, she classifies the types of the

proper nouns. After classifying the types, she identifies the techniques of their equivalents of proper nouns. The last step is examining the quality of the translation of the proper nouns in terms of the meaning equivalence.

21 Translation

Intralingual _Interlingual Intersemiotic

Bilingual

A. Fuadi’s Negeri

5 Menara (ST)

Translation Process

Multilingual

A. Fuadi’s The Land of Five

Towers translate by Angie Kilbane (TT)

Proper Nouns

Meaning equivalent

Equivalent Non-equivalent

Types:

1. Personal names 2. Geographic units 3. Nationalities and religions

4. Holidays 5. Time units 6. Word used for personification Partly equivalent Translation Techniques: 1. Rendition 2. Copy 3. Transcription 4. Re-creation 5. Substitution 6. Deletion Different meaning No meaning 7. Addition 8. Transposition 9. Phonological replacement 10. Conventionality Fully equivalent

22 A. Type of Study

This study is a descriptive qualitative research. According to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009:7), a qualitative research is a research that produces narrative or textual description of the phenomena under study. Since this research uses descriptive qualitative research, it will deliver the finding in the sentences. However, to support the data analysis, this research also uses quantitative analysis to show the frequency of the occurrence of each phenomenon.

B. Data and Data Sources

The data of this research are taken from Negeri 5 Menara novel by A. Fuadi published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2009 and its English version which is translated by Angie Kilbane, The Land of Five Towers, published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2011. The data which analyzed are the proper nouns which exist in the Bahasa Indonesia text and their English translation in the form of words or phrases.

C. Research Instrument

The instruments in this research are the researcher herself, data sheet, and related references. The researcher acts as the planner, data collector, data analyst and reporter of the analysis result. Meanwhile, in doing this research, the researcher uses additional instrument such as dictionaries, internet connection, and a laptop to collect and classify the data. Below is the data sheet table.

Table 1. Data Sheet

FE PE DM NM meaning equivalence ST TT _{PN GU cop}

E NE no

cod

e

data types of proper noun translation techniques

p h on re p con a d d tr p os tr cr ip re c su b d e l

NR H TU P _ren

D. Research Procedure 1. Data collection

In this step the researcher took all data which are related to the research focus. When collecting the data, the researcher read and reread both novels Negeri 5 Menara and The Land of Five Towers.

2. Data Analysis

The analysis process was undertaken by several steps. The first was classifying the proper nouns found in the source text. In this step the researcher had to make sure that the proper nouns had been classified in the right types.

The second, after classified the proper nouns, the researcher found the equivalents of the proper nouns in the target text. The researcher must read the target text carefully to get the equivalents, because it influenced the next step.

Then, the researcher identified the translation techniques that suitable with the source text and the target text. The last step was examining the translation quality of the proper nouns in terms of the meaning equivalence.

E. Trustworthiness

To achieve the realiability, credibility, and dependability of the data, the researcher did the analysis several times to check whether the research results were still same. This realiability ensures that the result represents something real.

After the data and analysis were stable, the researcher consulted the result to her consultants. At this point, the researcher used stability as one of the ways to gain trustworthiness.

In addition, the researcher also employed credibility where the data were deeply observed. In this way the researcher read and reread the data carefully and comprehensively so that the data were in accordance with the research problems. To gain dependability of this study, the researcher also conducted some peer examination with students of the English Department and discussed the result with the expert lecturers to get expert judgment. The researcher also applied theories from experts to confirm the research data and analysis.

25

the research in form of number which is presented in two ways, frequency and percentage. Then, the data found are presented in the discussion. The result and discussion are based on the formulation of the research in the chapter I. They are the types of proper nouns, the translation techniques and the degree of meaning equivalence.

A. Research Results

This sub-chapter consists of the findings of the types of the proper nouns, the translation techniques, and the degree of meaning equivalence. The results are presented as the tables based on the three formulations of the research which contain the frequency and the percentage which represent the amount of the result.

1. The Types of Proper Nouns Found in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara

There are six types of proper noun found in this research namely personal name, geographical units, nationalities and religions, holidays, time units, and word used for personalities. The table below shows the frequency and the percentage of each type of proper nouns.

Table 2. Types of Proper Nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara

No. Types of Proper Noun Frequency Percentage

1. Personal names 250 37.54 %

2. Geographical units 210 31.53 %

3. Nationalities and religions

80 12.01 %

4. Holidays 2 0.30 %

5. Time units 9 1.35 %

6. Words used for personification

115 17.27 %

Total 666 100 %

Based on the analysis of the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara,

there are six types of proper nouns gained as the data of this study. Table 2 shows that the personal name type is the most frequent type which is found in Fuadi’s

Negeri 5 Menara. The occurrences of the personal names are 250 times or 37.54

%.

The second type which most frequent is geographical units with the occurrence are 210 times or 31.53%. It is followed by words used for personification which has 115 occurrences or 17.27%. Then the occurrences of nationalities and religions are 80 times or 12.01 %. Time units has 9 times occurrences or 1.35% and the lowest occurrence is holidays which is only 2 or 0.30%.

2. The Techniques in Translating the Proper Nouns

The second point shows the techniques, frequency and percentage of the technique used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri

Fernandes (2006) names rendition, copy, transcription, recreation, substitution, deletion, addition, transposition, phonological replacement and conventionality are all employed by the translator in translating the proper nouns in the books. The finding is presented in table 3.

Table 3. Translation Techniques of the Proper Noun in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara

No. Techniques Frequency Percentage

1. Rendition 51 7.66 %

2. Copy 377 56.60 %

3. Transcription 9 1.35 %

4. Recreation 16 2.40 %

5. Substitution 16 2.40 %

6. Deletion 42 6.31 %

7. Addition 33 4.95 %

8. Transposition 10 1.50 %

9. Phonological replacement 1 0.15 %

10. Conventionality 111 16.67 %

Total 666 100 %

From Table 3, it can be concluded that the translator mostly uses copy to

translate proper nouns of Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara. It is used 377 times or 56.60 %. The next is conventionality which is 111 times occurs or 16.67 %. It is followed by rendition which has 51 times occurrences or 7.67%. Deletion occurs 42 times or 6.31%, followed by addition which has 33 times occurrences. Then, recreation and substitution has same occurrences 16 times or 2.4%. It is followed by transposition which occurs 10 times or 1.50 %. Transcription occurs 9 times or 1.35%, and the most infrequent is phonological replacement which is employed only 1 time or 0.15%.

3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalent of the Translation of the Proper Nouns

This research finds that the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns is divided into four levels. They are fully equivalence, partly equivalence, different meaning, and no meaning. To make a clear description, the table below shows the frequency and the percentage of the degree of meaning

equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara.

Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of the Translation of Proper Noun

in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara

No. Meaning Equivalence Frequency Percentage

1. Fully Equivalent 613 92.04 %

2. Partly Equivalent 15 2.25 %

3. Different Meaning 9 1.35 %

4. No Meaning 29 4.35 %

Total 666 100 %

Based on table 4, it can be seen that from 666 data found the translation of

proper nouns in Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara is mostly fully equivalent. It could be seen from the frequency number reach 613 which means 92.04 %. It is followed by no meaning with the frequency number is around 29 or 4.35%. The partly equivalent reaches 15 or 2.25 %. Then, the lowest frequency is different meaning which is only 9 or 1.35 %.

B. Discussion

This part presents the detail analysis of the data in this research. The analyses are divided into three points based on the research formulation. In covers the type

of proper noun that found in the Fuadi’s Negeri 5 Menara, the translation techniques used by translator in translating proper nouns, and the degree of meaning equivalence of the translation of the proper nouns.

1. The Types of Proper Noun

This point aims to analyze the types of proper noun in the novels. The types are divided into six types. They are personal names, geographical units, nationalities and religions, holidays, time units, word used for personification. In this study, the most frequent type of proper noun which occurs in Fuadi’s Negeri

5 Menara is personal name while the most infrequent type is holiday. Further

explanation is described in following discussion.

a. Personal Names

There are 250 out of 666 data that categorized as personal names. Below are some the examples of the data.

ST: Aku bahkan sudah berjanji dengan Randai, ... TT: I'd even made a pact with Randai,…

(33/5.5/PN/cop/FE) Randai is a friend of Alif, the main character in Negeri 5 Menara. Randai is a rival in everything especially in academic. The translator copies the ST into the TT and it makes the meaning fully equivalent.

ST: ...aku ingin kuliah di UI, ITB dan terus ke Jerman seperti Pak Habibie. TT: …attend university at the University of Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Technology, and continue on to Germany, like Mr. B.J. Habibie.

(48/8.8/PN/add/FE) Datum number 48 refers to the third president of Indonesia. The translator adds the full name of Pak Habibie to translate it. Since the translator adds the full name

of Pak Habibie, it makes the TT have the fully equivalent meaning.

ST: Aku memanggilnya Pak Etek Muncak. TT: I called him Uncle Muncak.

(74/16.16/PN/ren/FE)

Pak Etek Muncak is relative of Alif. The translator uses rendition technique to

translate it. In English, Pak Etek means uncle and Muncak is the name of person. Therefore, Uncle Muncak in the TT has fully equivalent meaning.

ST: Ini adalah gaya Bung Karno,..

TT: This was the style of President Sukarno,…

(343/155.145/PN/rec/FE)

Datum number 343 refers to Bung Karno who is the founding father and the first president of Indonesia. The translator recreates it to be President Sukarno, which is the full name of Bung Karno. In Indonesia, “Bung” is a common call for a man in the period of the struggle for independence era.

ST: …tidak jauh dari sekitar Barry Prima, . . . TT: -

The last example is datum number 373. Barry Prima, is Indonesian senior actor in

80’s. The translator deletes in the translation version and it makes no meaning in the TT.

b. Geographical Units

In Negeri 5 Menara there are 210 occurrences of geographical units. Below

are the examples and the explanation.

ST: . . .secawan es tebak di Pasar Ateh, Bukittinggi.

TT: …a glass of shaved ice made by a spinning machine in my village in West Sumatera.

(04/2.2/GU/del/NM) Pasar Ateh is a market in Bukittinggi. The translator does not translate it in the TT. It has no meaning in the TT since the translator deleted it.

ST: . . .secawan es tebak di Pasar Ateh, Bukittinggi.

TT: …a glass of shaved ice made by a spinning machine in my village in West Sumatera.

(05/2.2/GU/sub/PE) The next datum is number 05 reffering to Bukittinggi. It is a city in West Sumatera Province. The translator substitutes Bukittinggi into West Sumatera. It has partly equivalent meaning in the TT because West Sumatera is too general when it is used to change Bukittinggi.

ST: … yang lulusan Pondok Madani di Jawa Timur.

(56/12.11/GU/ren/FE) Datum number 52 is found in page 12 at original version. Pondok Madani is a place where Alif continues his school. It is a modern Islamic boarding school in East Java. The translator translates Pondok Madani into Madani Pesantren. In Bahasa Indonesia the context of pondok is pesantren.

ST: …di Surau Kumango, Tanah Datar.

TT: …in Kumango, Tanah Datar.

(351/161.151/GU/del/DM) The last example is Surau Kumango. Surau is a synonym of mushola or a small mosque. Kumango is a little village in Bukittinggi. Therefore, Surau Kumango is small mosque in Kumango village. The translator omits the word

surau, so that the meaning is different.

c. Nationalities and Religions

This type occurs 80 times. Here are the examples of the occurrence.

ST: Insya Allah, dengan doa Amak dan Ayah, ...

TT: Insya Allah, God willing, with Amak and Father's prayer…

(37/6.6/NR/add/FE)

The first example is datum number 37, Insya Allah, which means a wish. The translator adds the meaning of Insya Allah in the translation version and its keeping the meaning equivalence of the words.

ST: …dengan membaca Alfatihah dan Ayat Kursi, ….

(186/73.68/NR/rec/DM)

Next datum, number 186, Alfatihah dan Ayat Kursi are parts of Al-Qur’an. Al

Fatihah is the first surah in Al-Qur’an, while Ayat Kursi is one verse in surah

Al-Baqarah. Ayat Kursi is 255th verse. In the translation version, the translator

recreates those words into “our prayer”. It makes the meaning different, because “our prayer” is too general when it is used for replace the specific prayer such as

Al-Fatihah and Ayat Kursi.

ST: …penuh orang Yahudi…

TT: …full of Jewishpeople…

(403/177.166/NR/con/FE)

The third example is Yahudi from datum number 403. It is a religion. The translation of this religion is Jewish. It has been a convention. Therefore, the meaning is fully equivalent.

ST: …antara Minangkabau dan tanah Parahiyangan. TT: …between the two lands.

(572/310.290/NR/del/NM)

Datum number 572 is an ethnicity in Indonesia. This ethnicity is from West Sumatera. The translator does not translate Minangkabau, she deletes it. It has no meaning because in the TT is omitted.

ST: Tuhan sungguh Maha Pendengar. TT: God truly is The Listener.

(666/405.383/NR/con/FE)

The last example of this type is the last data. Maha Mendengar is one of the natures of Allah. The translator translates it into “The Listener”. Allah is truly the best listener. Allah will listen all the prayer of His people. It has fully equivalent meaning because it has been a conventionality.

d. Holidays

According to Cambridge Advance Dictionary Learner’s, holiday is an official

day when someone do not have to go to work or school. In this study, there are two data that are classified as holiday. Here are the examples.

ST: Pada suatu Idul Fitri, … TT: One Idul Fitriholiday, …

(346/160.150/H/cop/FE)

ST: …hari besar keramat ketiga setelah Idul Adha dan Idul Fitri.

TT: …the third biggest holy day after Idul Adha and Idul Fitri.

(438/190.177/H/cop/FE)

Idul Fitri and Idul Adha are holidays. Those are celebrated by all Muslims in the world. Idul Fitri is celebrated on 1st Syawal, while Idul Adha on 10th Dzulhijah.

The translator copies those ST to the TT. Therefore, the TT has fully equivalent meaning.

e. Time units

In this study, the time unit only occurs nine times from 666 data. Here are the examples.

ST: Hari sekolah Sabtusampai Kamis…

TT: School is in session Saturday until Thursday…

(161/56.53/TU/con/FE)

The first example is Sabtu which is found in datum 161. Sabtu is sixth day of the week before Sunday. In English, Sabtu is Saturday, it has been a convention. Therefore, the meaning in the TT is fully equivalent.

ST: Setiap malam Senin dan malam Kamis… TT: Every Sunday nightand Thursday night,…

(305/118.111/TU/sub/FE)

Next datum is malam Senin, the translator substitutes Senin into Sunday which is actually Senin is Monday but the meaning is fully equivalent since malam Senin is equivalent with Sunday night.

ST: …setiap malam Jumat, dia pasti mengira… TT: …every Thursday night, he’d surely think…

The example above is similar to malam Senin. Jumat is Friday, but the translator substitutes into Thursday since malam Jumat is Thursday night. It is also fully equivalent because the meaning in the ST and the TT refer to the same meaning.

ST: Setiap malam Senin dan malam Kamis… TT: Every Sunday night and Thursday night,…

(306/118.111/TU/con/DM)

Datum number 306 is different from the three data explained before. The translator translates malam Kamis into Thursday night. It is a convention that

Kamis is Thursday, but in this context malam Kamis means Wednesday night.

Therefore, when the translator translates it into Thursday night, it makes different meaning in the target text.

ST: …segera kembali ke PM bulan Syawal depan. TT: …to get back to MP next month in Shawwal.

(543/285.268/TU/trcrip/FE)

The last example is datum number 543, Syawal. It is tenth month in Islamic calendar system. The translator translates it into Shawwal. Even if the transcription is different, but the pronunciation is the same. So, the meaning is fully equivalent.

f. Words Used for Personification

This type is a thing which is treated as a person. In this study, the researcher finds 115 occurrences of this type. Below is the example.

ST: Aku ingin kuliah di UI, ITB dan terus ke Jerman seperti Pak Habibie. TT: …attend university at the University of Indonesia, the Bandung Institute

of Technology, and continue on to Germany, like Mr. B.J. Habibie. (45/8.8/P/con/FE) The first example is UI or Universitas Indonesia. It is name of a university in Indonesia which is located in Jakarta. The translator translates into University of Indonesia. The translation of this example has been a convention. Therefore the meaning is fully equivalent.

ST: … di loket bus antar pulau, P.O. ANS.

TT: …a counter for the inter-island bus.

(73/15.15/P/del/NM) The next is datum number 73, P.O. ANS. It is a bus company for destination to Sumatera. The translator does not translate this proper noun so it has no meaning in English version.

ST: …di papan notnya: Sepasang Mata Bola.

TT: …on the note board: Sepasang Mata Bola (A Pair of Eyes)…

(117/34.32/P/add/FE)

The third example is a title of song by Ismail Marzuki. The translator keeps the source language but she adds the translation in English and it makes the meaning equivalent.

ST: ……Terminator, Naga Bonar, dan Dongkrak Antik.

TT: …..Terminator, Naga Bonar, and Dongkrak Antik.

ST: …seperti: Bangkitnya Nyi Roro Kidul, Ratu Buaya Putih,… TT: -

(370/171.160/P/del/NM)

Data number 322 and 370 are Indonesian movie in 1980’s. The first movie

is Dongkrak Antik, acomedy movie stared by comedy group “Warkop DKI”. The

translator keeps the source text and does not translate the title. Therefore, it has fully equivalent meaning. Different from the second movie, Bangkitnya Nyi Roro

Kidul is a horror movie stared by Suzanna. The translator does not translate this.

So, the first title has equivalent meaning and the second one has no meaning because the translator deletes it in the target text.

2. The Techniques in Translating the Proper Noun

This point centers on analyzing the translation techniques employed by the translator in translating proper nouns. All the 666 proper nouns which is discovered and listed as the data of the analysis are taken from the source novel by A. Fuadi, Negeri 5 Menara and compared to the target novel The Land of Five

Towers. Here are the techniques found.

a. Rendition

In this study rendition is found 51 times from all 666 data. The concept of rendition is similar with literal translation. Here are some examples.

ST: ... ada surat dari Pak Etek Gindo,... TT: …there's a letter from Uncle Gindo…

In datum number 54, Pak Etek in Minangese means little brother of father. The translator translates it into “Uncle Gindo”. Because the Pak Etek istranslated into

“uncle” so that this datum is classified as rendition. In the novel, Pak Etek Gindo

is uncle of Alif, the main character in Negeri 5 Menara. This datum has fully equivalent meaning.

ST: …tips yang dibacanya di buku Tuntutan Menjadi Orator Ulung. TT: … a tip he read in a book called A Tutorial on being a Good Orator.

(342/154.144/P/ren/FE) The second data is Tuntutan Menjadi Orator Ulung. It is the title of a book. The translator translates it into ”A Tutorial on being a Good Orator”. Literaly, it is the translation, has equivalent meaning with the ST.

ST: …dengan membaca Ayat Kursi dan Surat Yasin dari kitab Quran

kecilnya…

TT: …reciting the Throne Verse and Surah Ya Sin from his small holy Al-Quran.

(519/241.228/NR/ren/FE) The third example is Ayat Kursi. It is a verse of surah Al-Baqarah in Al-Qur’an.

Ayat Kursi is 255th verse in Al-Baqarah. The translator translates into “throne

verse”. Throne is equivalent with kursi because when we read the meaning of that verse, the word kursi means a throne not a chair. So, it is classified as rendition and it has equivalent meaning.

b. Copy

In this research, copying is the mostly used in translating the proper nouns. It is found 377 occurrences. From all the occurrences, here are some examples.

ST: . . . menayangkan Wheater Channel yang mencatat . . . TT: … showed the Weather Channel, displaying...

(03/2.2/P/cop/FE) Datum number 03, “Weather Channel”, is one of TV programs which broadcasts about the weather. The translator copies the ST into the TT. Therefore it has fully equivalent meaning.

ST: … menumpang bus kecil Harmonis yang terkentut-kentut merayapi Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek.

TT: …I rode a small Harmonis bus that sputtered along a notorious road called Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek.

(70/15.15/GU/cop/FE) Next datum is Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek. It is a name of a road in West Sumatera. The meaning of Kelok Ampek Puluah Ampek is 44 junctions. The translator does not translate it in the TT. The meaning is fully equivalent because the translator copies the ST in the TT.

ST: Makhluk paling raksasa di kelas adalah Said Jufri yang berasal dari Surabaya.

TT: The biggest creature in the class was Said Jufri from Surabaya.

The third example is “Said Jufri”. It is a personal name. He is Alif’s friend in the novel. The translator also copies the ST. Therefore, it has fully equivalent meaning.

ST: … 4. Durusul Lughoh Arabiah dan Muthala’ah TT: … 4. Durusul Lughoh Arabiah dan Muthala’ah

(167/58.55/P/cop/FE) The last example is Durusul Lughoh Arabiah dan Muthala’ah. Those are names of religion majors in Madani Islamic Boarding School. This datum is also copied by the translator in the TT. Since the ST is copied in the TT, therefore the meaning of all data using copying technique is exactly fully equivalent.

c. Transcription

This technique occurs 9 times in this study. Here are the examples. ST: Maka selesai shalat Asharberjamaah,…

TT: After finishing congregational Asrprayer,…

(192/82.76/NR/trcrip/FE) The first example is Ashar. For Moslem it is a prayer in the afternoon before the

sunset. The translator transcripts it into “Asr”, the pronunciation is quiet different

but the meaning is fully equivalent.

ST: …melagukan syair nakal Abu Nawas bersama sebelum shalat Maghrib. TT: …sang the Poem of Abu Nawas before Magrib Prayer.

It is same as the second example, Maghrib, Moslem prays Maghrib after the

sunset. The translator transcripts into “Magrib”, the transcripton is changed but the meaning is still equivalent.

ST: …dengan membaca Ayat Kursi dan Surat Yasin dari kitab Quran

kecilnya…

TT: …reciting the Throne Verse and Surah Ya Sin from his small holy Al-Quran.

(520/241.228/NR/trcrip/FE) The third is Surat Yasin. It is one of 36th surah in Al-Qur’an. The translator changes the transcription of Yasin with adds a space between Ya and sin. Since the pronunciation is not changed, the meaning is also fully equivalent.

ST: Mata pelajaran Al-Quran dan Haditsjuga dibawakan … TT: The subjects Al-Quran and Hadithswere also presented…

(283/112.105/NR/trcrip/FE) The last example is hadits. In Islam, there are two guidance, Al-Qur’an and hadits. Al-Qur’an is the holy book and miracle which is given to Prophet Muhammad through Jibril, the angel. Hadist is record of Prophet Muhammad’s sayings or customs which is retold by his companions. The translator translates it into hadiths. She transcripts the –its into –iths. The spelling is changed but it does not change the meaning.

d. Recreation

This technique occurs 16 times. From all occurrences, there are some examples of recreation.

ST: …bordir yang produknya sampai ke Tanah Abang.

TT: …embroidery business whose products went as far as Malaysia.

(248/99.93/GU/rec/DM) The first example is datum number 248, Tanah Abang. It is name of a place in Jakarta, Indonesia. In translating those words the translator recreates Tanah Abang into Malaysia. It is totally different meaning because Malaysia is a country in north-west of Indonesia near Sumatera and Kalimantan or Borneo.

ST: …ditambah segelas susu atau Milo,…. TT: …a glass of milk or iced chocolate,…

(308/120.112/P/rec/FE) The next is datum is number 308, Milo. It is a brand of chocolate powder drink in Indonesia that can be served hot or cold. The translator recreates it into iced chocolate. Since the points in the ST and the TT are the same, chocolate, this datum is fully equivalent meaning.

ST: …tak ada dana khusus untuk libur pulang ke Padang.

TT: …wasn’t any special money for me to come home to West Sumatra on the break.

(472/214.201/GU/rec/PE) The third example is Padang. It is a city in West Sumatera Province. The translator recreates Padang into West Sumatera. This datum is partly equivalent because West Sumatera is wide. When someone says West Sumatera, people can think Bukittinggi, Solok, Pariaman. When someone mentions Padang, people know that Padang is in West Sumatra. If the translator wants to get fully

equivalent meaning, she can copy the ST or add the ST such as Padang, West Sumatra. It makes the information fully delivered to the target reader.

ST:…memasukkan koper-koper kami ke Suzuki Hijetbiru…. TT:…put our bags in a blue Daihatsu Hijet….

(494/223.209/P/rec/DM) The last example is datum number 494, Suzuki Hijet. It is a brand of car. The translator recreates into Daihatsu Hijet. The meaning is different because Hijet type is one product of Daihatsu not Suzuki.

e. Substitution

This technique is used 16 times from all 666 data. The examples are explained as follows.

ST: …kutipan pidato Bung Karno.

TT: ….excerpts from Sukarno's speeches.

(109/27.26/PN/sub/FE) Datum number 109, Bung Karno, is a nick name of first president Indonesia. The translator substitutes Bung Karno with his full name, Sukarno. Even the translator changes Bung Karno into Sukarno, it does not change the meaning. Therefore the meaning is fully equivalent.

ST: Pertama adalah Masjid Jami'… TT: The first is the main mosque…

(112/31.30/GU/sub/FE)

The next example is datum number 112, Masjid Jami’. It is a big mosque in a certain place. Usually, Masjid Jami’ is used as center of religious activity. The

translator substitutes the word jami’ with main. According to Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary one of the meanings of the word “main” is something which has more influence than others of the same type. That means Jami’ and main are fully equivalent meaning.

ST:…dengan membaca Ummul Al-Qurandan dilanjutkan … TT: …by reciting Al-Fatihahand continuing …

157/52.50/NR/sub/FE The last example of this technique is datum number 157. This datum is found in page 52 in Bahasa Indonesia version. It is written Ummul Al-Quran which means the mom of Al-Qur’an. It is known as the other name of Al-Fatihah, the first surah in Al-Qur’an. The translator directly substitutes with Al-Fatihah. Since the meaning is the same, therefore it is fully equivalent.

f. Deletion

This technique occurs 42 times. Here are some examples and the explanation. ST: …keteladanan Bung Hatta, Bung Sjahrir, Pak Natsir, atau Haji Agus

Salim,….

TT: -

(50/10.10/PN/del/NM) The first example is taken from datum number 50. Bung Sjahrir is a nick name of a national hero of Indonesia. His full name is Sutan Syahrir (Soetan Sjahrir). He was the first prime minister of Indonesian Republic in period November 14, 1945 until July 3, 1947. The translator does not translate it. She just deletes it and makes the data no meaning in the TT.

ST: Inilah persembahan Grup Balerong pimpinan Yus Datuak Parpatiah: Rapek Mancik. Rapat Tikus...

TT: This is a tribute from Balerong Group led by Yus Datuak Parpatiah: Mice Meeting…

(82/18.17/P/del/FE) The second example is a title of traditional drama in West Sumatera. Yus

Datuak Parpatiah: Rapek Mancik. Rapat Tikus is translated into “Yus Datuak

Parpatiah: Mice Meeting”. Yus Datuak Parpatiah is a Minangese artist who makes the story and Rapek Mancik is the title of the drama in Minangese which means

Rapat Tikus in Bahasa Indonesia. The translator directly translates into “Mice

Meeting” and deletes the Rapek Mancik. Even though the translator deletes it, the meaning does not changed.

ST: Gue dari Jakarte, anak Betawi asli. Tau Monas kan?...

TT: I’m from Jakarta. You know Monas,…

(146/47.44/NR/del/NM) The third datum is Betawi. It is name of an ethnicity in Jakarta, Indonesia. The translator does not translate it. Since she deletes it in the TT, there is no meaning in the TT.

ST: …tutup kepala mirip Pangeran Diponegoro.

TT: …a turban reminiscent of Diponegoro..

(615/347.325/PN/del/FE) The last example is datum number 615, Pangeran Diponegoro. He is an

Indonesian national hero. The translator deletes the word “pangeran” which is in English means “prince” and she copies the word “Diponegoro” in the TT.

Although the translator deletes a part of the datum, but the meaning is fully equivalent.

g. Addition

Addition technique occurs 33 times in this study. The examples are explained as follows.

ST: …ke Jawa saja tidak. TT: …why not to East Java?

(123/36.35/GU/add/FE) Datum number 123, in the ST page 36 is Jawa. The translator translates into East

Java. She adds “east” in the TT, since in the TT is more specific and it does not change the context so that the meaning is fully equivalent.

ST: Saya dari Bandung,…

TT: I'm from Bandung, West Java,…

(127/43.41/GU/add/FE) The next datum is Bandung, it is found in page 43 in the ST. Bandung is a capital city of West Java province. The translator adds information behind the word Bandung. She adds West Java to make the datum clearer. The meaning is fully equivalent because it does not change.

ST: …terinspirasi dari nama barang seperti Guci dan Salayan,…

TT: … names inspired by merchandise like Guci (Jar) and Salayan (Traditional knife),..

The third datum is Salayan. Salayan is a Minangese’s tribe. The translator

translates it into “Salayan (traditional knife)”. She adds the meaning of salayan.

The meaning is fully equivalent because the translator does not change the meaning in translate it.

ST: …melihat keramaian kota di Dago, Gedung Sate, …

TT: … city vibe in the Dago area, Bandung’s iconic Gedung Sate building,…

(485/221.208/GU/add/FE) The fourth datum is Gedung Sate. It is a landmark of Bandung which is used as

governor’s office. The translator also adds information in translating this datum.

She translates it into “Bandung’s iconic Gedung Sate building”. Although there are several addition information, the meaning is fully equivalent because is reader can easily get the meaning.

ST: …sampai ke luar kota: Lembang dan Tangkuban Perahu.

TT: …outside the city limits to two other tourist locations: Lembang and Tangkuban Perahu volcano.

(490/221.208/GU/add/FE) The last example of this technique is Tangkuban Perahu. It is a volcano which

located in Bandung, West Java. The translator adds “volcano” behind the

Tangkuban Perahu. It makes the meaning clearer and it has fully equivalent

h. Transposition

In this study, transposition occurs 10 times. The examples and the explanation are as follows.

ST: …sebuah buku berjudul Biografi Kiai-Kiai Pendidik. TT: … a book titled Biographies of Kiais in Education.

(155/49.47/P/trpos/PE) The first example isdatum number 155, Biografi Kiai-Kiai Pendidik,. It is a book title. The translator translates in the TT into “Biographies of Kiais in Education”. It is classified into transposition because the word pendidik means someone who teaches and education is the process of teaching. Since the meaning is changed from the person into the process, the meaning in the TT is partly equivalent.

ST: …ala Eropa Timurseperti Weldinov, Martinov,…

TT: …to Eastern European names like Weldinov, Martinov,…

(212/97.91/GU/trpos/FE) The next example is Eropa Timur. It is found in page 97. The translator

translates it into “Eastern European”. It is classified into transposition because

Timur (east) is noun and eastern is the adjective of east. Although the part of

speech is changed, the meaning is fully equivalent.

ST: …miniatur bangunan terkenal seperti Piramida Giza, Taj Mahal, Temple of Heaven di Cina…

TT: …famous structure like the Pyramid of Giza, the Taj Mahal, and China’s Temple of Heaven.

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…ditutup dengan ujian Peradaban Islam…. …finished off with the Islamic Civilization exam..

…kota-kota penting Islam di Spanyol seperti Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, dan Seville mencapai puncak peradaban dan Universitas Cordoba...…

…important Islamic cities in Spain such as Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga and Seville, were at the peak of civilization, and the University of Cordoba….

…kota-kota penting Islam di Spanyol seperti Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, dan Seville mencapai puncak peradaban dan Universitas Cordoba...…

…important Islamic cities in Spain such as Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga and Seville, were at the peak of civilization, and the University of Cordoba….

…kota-kota penting Islam di Spanyol seperti Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, dan Seville mencapai puncak peradaban dan Universitas Cordoba...…

…important Islamic cities in Spain such as Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga and Seville, were at the peak of civilization, and the University of Cordoba….

…kota-kota penting Islam di Spanyol seperti Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, dan Seville mencapai puncak peradaban dan

Universitas Cordoba...… _{v v}

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…important Islamic cities in Spain such as Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, and Seville, were at the peak of civilization, and the University of Cordoba….

…kota-kota penting Islam di Spanyol seperti Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, dan Seville mencapai puncak peradaban dan Universitas Cordoba...…

…important Islamic cities in Spain such as Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga and Seville, were at the peak of civilization, and the University of Cordoba….

…kota-kota penting Islam di Spanyol seperti Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga, dan Seville mencapai puncak peradaban dan

Universitas Cordoba...…

…important Islamic cities in Spain such as Toledo, Valencia, Granada, Cordoba, Malaga and Seville, were at the peak of civilization, and the University of Cordoba….

…mempengaruhi filosofi pemikiran Thomas Aquinas dan Albert the Great.

…influencing the philosopical thinking of Thomas Aquinas and Albert the Great. …mempengaruhi filosofi pemikiran Thomas Aquinas dan Albert the Great.

…influencing the philosopical thinking of Thomas Aquinas and Albert the Great. …orang pintar yang "keterlaluan" lainnya, Ibnu Khaldun.

…other brilliant figure, Ibnu Khladun.

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...dari masa Dinasti Nasrid di Spanyol, Safavid di Iran, Mogul di India, Ottoman di Anatolia,…

…from the Nasrid Dynasty in Spain, the Safavid in Iran, Mogul in India, Ottoman in Anatolia…

...dari masa Dinasti Nasrid di Spanyol, Safavid di Iran, Mogul di India, Ottoman di

Anatolia,…

…from the Nasrid Dynasty in Spain, the Safavid in Iran, Mogul in India, Ottoman in Anatolia…

...dari masa Dinasti Nasrid di Spanyol, Safavid di Iran, Mogul di India, Ottoman di

Anatolia,…

…from the Nasrid Dynasty in Spain, the Safavid in Iran, Mogul in India, Ottoman in Anatolia…

...dari masa Dinasti Nasrid di Spanyol, Safavid di Iran, Mogul di India, Ottoman di

Anatolia,…

…from the Nasrid Dynasty in Spain, the Safavid in Iran, Mogul in India, Ottoman in

Anatolia…

…lebih baik daripada Napoleon Bonaparte... …better than Napoleon Bonaparte… …mengunjungi pabrik kerupuk di

Trenggalek, budi daya ikan laut di Pacitan, toko bahan bangunan di Tulung Agung, koperasi simpan pinjam Islami di Jombang,

dealer mobil dan pabrik semen di Gresik…. _{v v}

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…visited a cracker factory in Trenggalek, a saltwater fish farm in Pacitan, a building supplies in Tulung Agung, a Muslim savings and credit cooperative in Jombang, a car dealership and cement factory in Gresik…. …mengunjungi pabrik kerupuk di Trenggalek, budi daya ikan laut di Pacitan, toko bahan bangunan di Tulung Agung, koperasi simpan pinjam Islami di Jombang, dealer mobil dan pabrik semen di Gresik….

…visited a cracker factory in Trenggalek, a saltwater fish farm in Pacitan, a building supplies in Tulung Agung, a Muslim savings and credit cooperative in Jombang, a car dealership and cement factory in Gresik…. …mengunjungi pabrik kerupuk di Trenggalek, budi daya ikan laut di Pacitan, toko bahan bangunan di Tulung Agung, koperasi simpan pinjam Islami di Jombang, dealer mobil dan pabrik semen di Gresik….

…visited a cracker factory in Trenggalek, a saltwater fish farm in Pacitan, a building supplies in Tulung Agung, a Muslim savings and credit cooperative in Jombang, a car dealership and cement factory in Gresik…. …mengunjungi pabrik kerupuk di Trenggalek, budi daya ikan laut di Pacitan, toko bahan bangunan di Tulung Agung, koperasi simpan pinjam Islami di Jombang, dealer mobil dan

pabrik semen di Gresik…. _{v v}

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…visited a cracker factory in Trenggalek, a saltwater fish farm in Pacitan, a building supplies in Tulung Agung, a Muslim savings and credit cooperative in Jombang, a car dealership and cement factory in Gresik…. …mengunjungi pabrik kerupuk di Trenggalek, budi daya ikan laut di Pacitan, toko bahan bangunan di Tulung Agung, koperasi simpan pinjam Islami di Jombang, dealer mobil dan pabrik semen di Gresik….

…visited a cracker factory in Trenggalek, a saltwater fish farm in Pacitan, a building supplies in Tulung Agung, a Muslim savings and credit cooperative in Jombang, a car dealership and cement factory in Gresik…. …mengunjungi pabrik kerupuk di Trenggalek, budi daya ikan laut di Pacitan, toko bahan bangunan di Tulung Agung, koperasi simpan pinjam Islami di Jombang, dealer mobil dan pabrik semen di Gresik….

…visited a cracker factory in Trenggalek, a saltwater fish farm in Pacitan, a building supplies in Tulung Agung, a Muslim savings and credit cooperative in Jombang, a car dealership and cement factory in Gresik…. …karya Leonardo Da Vinci…

..by Leonardo Da Vinci... …karya Van Gogh…

…by Van Gogh...

…karya Monet.

…by Monet.

…patung pahlawan perang Inggris Admiral Horatio Nelson...

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…a statue of the British war hero Admiral Horatio Nelson…

…apartemen Raja di dekat Stadion Wembley...

…Raja's apartement near Wembley Stadium... Raja tinggal berdua dengan Fatia, istrinya yang lulusan pondok khusus putri di Mantingan.

Raja lived there with Fatia, his wife who'd graduated from the Mantingan Pesantren for girls.

Raja tinggal berdua dengan Fatia, istrinya yang lulusan pondok khusus putri di Mantingan. Raja lived there with Fatia, his wife who'd graduated from the Mantingan Pesantren for girls.

…kelas malam di London Metropolitan University...

…night classes at London Metropolitan University…

Terima kasih Allah, Sang Pengabul Harapan dan Sang Pendengar Doa.

Thank you Allah, Fulfiller of Hope and Hearer of Prayers.

Terima kasih Allah, Sang Pengabul Harapan dan Sang Pendengar Doa.

Thank you Allah, Fulfiller of Hope and Hearer of Prayers.

Tuhan sungguh Maha Mendengar. God truly is The Listener.

250 210 80 2 9 115 51 377 9 16 16 42 33 10 1 111 613 15 9 29

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