Equivalence in Translation Theoretical Review

are loaned. That is why this method is adopted as the cases of untranslatable words. In translation process, the translators have to try to notice gaps, which is in RL must be filled by corresponding elements so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages. As the simplest of all the translation methods, this borrowing procedures means that one language borrows an expression form from another language. So far, it is actually very close related to a challenging problem to translation process and product of equivalence. In other words, we have to consider the method that will be used. In this case, except the seven procedures of translation as stated by Vinay and Darbelnet, loan translation is the most one that is very close related to this research as a direct translation method. In practice, when the process is based on parallel categories, in which we can speak of structurally parallelism, a direct translation may be possible to transpose the SL message element by element into the RL. Proper nouns do not accept restrictive adjectives or restrictive relative clauses. The sentence the Old Shakespeare felt the closeness of his death. One implicitly compares one of several manifestations in time of the person called Shakespeare with the rest. Therefore, one uses the word as a common noun in the grammatical sense. The same rule applies to sentences such as “she is no longer the Eve she used to be‖. One may deny this only at the price of more or less ad hoc explanations about the character of the noun in question. Another way of putting this would be to say that we have to do with two homonymous. The words “John‖ or “Shakespeare‖ respectively are proper nouns, the other a common noun. When in a given speech situation we have a unique reference, we are dealing with a proper noun, otherwise with a common noun. Article has important rules in the proper nouns. The proper nouns are usually followed by articles, especially the article “The‖. It is because articles are special modifiers that appear before nouns or noun phrases. Articles are divided into two major types. They are definite and indefinite articles. According to the journal by Plotnick, a noun is definite when it is clear to your reader which specific instance or instances of an entity you are referring to; otherwise it is indefinite. Often the first use of a noun is indefinite and subsequent uses are definite. Related to the proper nouns, definite articles are not always used. According to Johnson, Proper nouns, because they are the names of people or places, are already specific and so do not need to be made more specific by the definite article. So we say “John,‖ not “the John,‖ and “Canada,‖ not “the Canada .‖ There are one or two anomalous usages in place names: e.g., “the Netherlands ,‖ but “Holland.‖ This rule explains why we say “Boyle’s Law,‖ not “the Boyle’s Law,‖ and “Planck’s constant,‖ not “the Planck’s constant.‖ Related to the names of places, in his journal, Kohl and Kalz state that singular geographical names are very irregular with respect to article usage. For example, singular names of continent Asia, Africa, mountains Mount Fuji, and bays San Francisco Bay do not take the article “the,‖ but regions the Crimea, deserts the Sahara, and other geographical entitles do. Sometimes, however, a proper noun is used as an adjective, and adjective do not affect the decision to use the article with the noun. You must look at the noun in other to know whether or not to use the definite article Johnson. When there is an adjective in the proper nouns, look at the noun to decide if there should be an article. By looking at the noun, the researcher decides which proper nouns are general or specific. The general nouns must be made specific by using “the‖. b Types of Proper Nouns The researcher found that proper nouns are divided into categories. It means that proper nouns have several functions. There are three main categories of proper nouns. They are names of people, names of places, and names of objects. 1 Names of People Proper names such as names of people are usually translated. According to journal of Abdolmaleki 2012, name of historically important figure should be translated or at least their translation should be provided in parenthesis or in glosses. Many of them are translated into accepted equivalence. Newmark 1988, 214 in his theory also explains, normally, peoples first and surnames are transferred, thus preserving their nationality, and assuming that their names have no connotations in the text Newmark, 1988: 214. In other case, proper noun is easily not translated. Example: ST : Perenelle TT : Perenelle The name of Perenelle in the novel is easily not translated. It is because the translator wants to keep the original form of the name to show that the character is a main character in the story. 2 Names of Places Translating proper nouns is not easy to do. You have to consider many aspects. It will be so complicated to literally translate the words or phrases. Newmark, 1988: 215 You have to be up to date in your rendering, to check all terms in the most recent atlas or gazetteer and, where necessary, with the embassies concerned. You have to respect a countrys wish to determine its own choice of names for its own geographical features- Some features are sufficiently politically uncontested to remain as they were in English. Example: ST : San Francisco TT : San Francisco 3 Names of Objects According to Newmark 1988: 215, Names of objects as proper names consist of trademarks, brands or proprietaries, They are normally transferred- often coupled with a classifier if the name is not likely to be known to the TL readership. You have to ensure you do not become an instrument to promote the advertisers attempts to make an eponym out of the products name unless you are translating the adverb.