above, this research presents an explanation of social phenomenon of code switching which was used by Keara in a descriptive way. Qualitative research
helped the researcher in gaining deeper understanding about the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in the novel.
In order to answer the research questions of this research, the researcher conducted a content analysis. Silverman 2001 sta
tes that “content analysis is an accepted method of textual investigation, particularly in the field of mass
communication” p. 159. In 2004, Krippendorff defines that content analysis is “a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts or other
meaningful matter to the contexts of their use” p. 233. He adds that content analysis can be taken with any written materials. As what Krippendorff said, the
data can be taken from any written materials such as books, magazines, articles, novels, documents and newspaper. However, other materials or sources such as
songs, videos, movies, and speeches can also be used by using their transcript. In this research, the source which is used is in the form of a novel.
B. Source of Data
In conductiong this research, the researcher used a novel entitled Antologi Rasa which is written by Ika Natassa as the main source to gather the data. The
novel has been published in two editions, and the latest edition was completed with some illustrations of the scenes. All of the editions of the novel were
published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in Jakarta. The novel is written in Indonesian. However there are some words, phrases, clauses, and even sentences
written in English. The switch of language between Indonesian to English code switching happens quite often in the novel, therefore the researcher could get a
lot of data from the novel. However, in this research, the researcher only focused on analyzing the code switching used by Keara, the main character of the novel.
Therefore, it i makes this research different from other research.
C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
In order to acquire the data, the researcher used content analysis as this research is qualitative research. Therefore, there were two instruments which were
used here. The first one was human instrument and the second one was document.
1. Human Instruments
In qualitative research, just like this research, the researcher can be included as the instrument of data collection Denzin Lincoln, 2003. It meant
that the data are gathered through this human instrument or the researcher. The role of the researcher is more etic
—from an outside view, therefore the role of the researcher is more objective. According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh 2003, the
researcher is the key in obtaining the data for the research. The researcher also acts as the data collector in answering the research questions.
2. Documents
Another instrument which was used in this research was in the form of a document. In order to get the data, the researcher read the document which in this
research is a novel. Annum 2016, p. 4 says that: Although reading is more to do with literature review, it is also instrument
for studying public documents such as newspapers, minutes of meetings PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
and privates documents such as letters, biographies and diaries to enable the researcher obtain the language and words of informants who may not
be alive at the time of the research.
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavich 2002, p. 424 also support the statement, that in qualitative research which “dealt with human situation, researcher need a flexible
instrument who could read that documents or talk with other people”. Therefore the instruments used in the research were the researcher human instrument and
the document novel. The data in this research were gathered by the researcher through the
novel. First, the researcher listed all the code switching which was used by Keara in the novel. After all the data were gathered, the next step was coding and
classifying the data into two categories, based on the types and speech functions of code switching.
D. Data Analysis Technique
To analyze the data, there are two steps which can be used: giving codes and arranging them according to the theme or the hypotheses we have; or through
content analysis. Therefore, here the researcher, in order to analyze the data, made some codes and put them into a table of categorizations. The table was made
based on the research questions in this research which are the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara. After the table was formed, the
researcher then classified those listed words into the suitable column. The following table was the blueprint which will be used by the researcher to analyze
the data. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 3.1. Blueprint of the Data Sheet of the Types and Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara
P a
g
e Dialo
gue Mon
ologu e
Cod e
Swi tchi
ng Context
Types of Code
Switchin g
Speech functions of Code Switching
P Pr
T T
S
In tC
S It
r C
S R
F D
F E
F P
F M
F
P o
F
E P
1 2
3 Ask
Becky Bloo
mwoo d.
ask Hote
l in Sing
apor e
Kear a,
mon olog
ue The
meaning of happiness
for every person
… …
Notes: Abbreviations:
: Number P
: Place Pr
: Participants T
: Topic TS
: Tag switching IntCS : Inter-sentential code
switching ItrCS : Intra-sentential code
switching RF
: Referential function DF
: Directive function EF
: Expressive function PF
: Phatic function MF
: Metalinguistic function PoF
: Poetic function EP
: Expressive and Phatic functions
The table helped the researcher in listing the code switching used by Keara. Here, the researcher added a new category as there are some words which explain more
than one functions. Those words represent expressive and phatic functions. After the data were gathered, those data were put into the table in a complete version in
the form of monologues or dialogues with chronological order, which was based PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
on the page number. Then, the context of the dialogues or monologues was added to support the analysis. The next step was classifying the data according to the
types and speech functions of using code switching. Last, the total frequency of each category was added to form the data findings.
32
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter provides the research findings and the discussion. The first section discusses about the research findings on the types and speech functions of
code switching. The second section deals with the discussion of the types and speech functions of code switching.
A. Research Findings
1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa
This part aims to present the findings on the types of code switching used by Keara. It is to answer the first research question as stated in Chapter I. In
analyzing the types of code switching, this research i s using Poplack’s theory
1980. According to her, there are three types of code switching: tag switching, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential code switching. Based on the theory, the
researcher had made a list of the data findings. The findings showed that there are 726 code switching used by Keara. Therefore, the result showed that the most
frequent type used in the novel is intra-sentential code switching, while the least used is tag switching. The complete data of the findings is presented in the table
below. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
