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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter will discuss some theories used in the research. The theories are used to support the research. This chapter aims to give basic principles related
to the formulated problems. This chapter consists of two major sections, theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description will
give explanation of theoretical review related to code-switching. In addition, the theoretical framework will discuss the theories that are used as the framework of
this research.
A. Theoretical Description
This section will elaborate some theories. The theories that will be elaborated are sociolinguistics, code switching, and brief descriptions of Nh.
Dini‟s memory series novels. This research deals with a phenomenon that exists in society. As
Nababan 1991 states that there are three fields of examining language in society, 1 Influence of society toward language, 2 Language function in society, and
3 Ways of language use in society. Meanwhile, Nababan also argued that sociolingustics has influence in educational context, in which sociolinguistics has
interrelationship to language learning.
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1. Sociolinguistics
According to Lehman 1972, sociolinguistics is the study of the use of language in society. There are some factors that influence the use of language in
society. One of those factors is bilingualism. Bilingualism is when a person has a tendency to use more that one language to communicate with others. One of the
common products of bilingualism is code-switching. In the condition of bilingualism, people will often alter language or
language style. Bilingualism depends on the condition and the needs of using the language itself. As an example, when a speaker uses
“A” language to talk with a second speaker. Afterwards, a third speaker who is n
ot able to use “A” language comes and joins the conversation situation. Therefore, the first speaker switched
into “B” language which is understandable by the third speaker. In this situation code-switching is employed. Code-switching has a significant relevance to
sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics does not only examine the language use in society. It
also has function within the society itself. The use of more than one language can enable people create a good ambience of communication people may act towards
the language. The act depends on the context, situation or people they communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with language and society who use the
language and social background of the language user – the speaker and the
listener. For that reason, the relationship between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good
communication.
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