Phrase Code-Switching The Types of Code-Switching

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5. Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching

The fifth type of code-switching was integrated loanwords. This type of code-switching usually combined English word with Indonesia affixes, such as – nya, meng-, di-, and -ku . This sort of code-switching was not much found in articles. Moreover, the number of integrated loanwords found in two novels was represented by table 4.5. Table 4.5 Number of Cases of Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching No Novel Number of Cases 1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 2 2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang - The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more integrated loanwords code- switching cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. There were two cases of integrated loanwords in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel. Those cases were shown in the following example. 4 . “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan café -nya sama seperti di jalan-jalan kota negeri itu.” Jepun Negerinya Hiroko , p. 5 5. “Siang itu Tuan Hoo berjanji akan menjadi supplier - ku.” Jepun Negerinya Hiroko , p. 60 The second novel was Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang . In this novel, there were no cases of integrated loanwords code-switching.

6. Diglossic Code-Switching

The fifth or the last type of code-switching was diglossic code-switching. Diglossic code-switching includes all linguistic units as a conversation or story 31 which are larger than a sentence. Hence, the form of diglossic code-switching could be the whole page of an article, a phrase, a sentence, or even a paragraph. The number of diglossic code-switching cases was presented by table 4.6. Table 4.6 Number of Cases of Diglossic Code-Switching No Novel Number of Cases 1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko - 2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang - From the table 4.6, it could be seen that there were no diglossic code- switching cases in both novels. Nh. Dini did not write any diglossic code- switching cases in her two novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang . This type of code-switching seemed unpopular to be used.

B. The Reasons for Using Code-Switching

In determining the reasons of code-switching, the researcher utilized an approach based on the theory proposed by Crystal 1987 and Hoffmann 1991. Based on Crystal‟s theory, the researcher concluded that there were three reason of code-switching. Those reasons were to build good relation with the target readers, to express some words which either did not have Indonesian term or had Indonesian terms but it was rarely used, and to quote someone‟s statements or expressions.

1. To build good relation with the target readers

The first reason of code-switching was to build good relation with the target readers. The number of cases for the first reason was presented in table 4.7. 32 Table 4.7 Number of Cases of Building Good Relation with the Target Reader No Novel Number of Cases 1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 41 2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more building good relation with the target readers‟ cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The novel has 41 cases of the reason to build good relation with the target readers. The cases of it were presented in the following example. 6 . “Untuk menjadi istri seorang diplomat Prancis, aku diwajibkan melewati beberapa wawancara yang di masa itu disebut tanya-jawab atau interview .” Jepun Negerinya Hiroko , p. 2 7. “Yang terakhir itu ternyata merupakan yang paling praktis, karena terdiri dari semacam t-shirt berlengan pendek …” Jepun Negerinya Hiroko , p. 5 8. “Di dalam suratnya, Yves juga menyuruhku membeli satu jas hujan yang tebal dan waterproof , karena bulan Mei di Kobe …” Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5 In the second novel, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang , there were 36 cases of the reasons for building good relations with the target readers. The cases of it were also presented in the following three examples. 9. “Di Indonesia, kukira aku sendirian sebagai perempuan pengarang penuh. Di forum internasional disebut full time woman writer .” Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang , p. 35 10. “Kami sepakat akan memilih Colt L-300 saja, walaupun tidak ber- AC .” Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang , p. 45