Code switching Definition of Terms

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1. Sociolinguistics

According to Lehman 1972, sociolinguistics is the study of the use of language in society. There are some factors that influence the use of language in society. One of those factors is bilingualism. Bilingualism is when a person has a tendency to use more that one language to communicate with others. One of the common products of bilingualism is code-switching. In the condition of bilingualism, people will often alter language or language style. Bilingualism depends on the condition and the needs of using the language itself. As an example, when a speaker uses “A” language to talk with a second speaker. Afterwards, a third speaker who is n ot able to use “A” language comes and joins the conversation situation. Therefore, the first speaker switched into “B” language which is understandable by the third speaker. In this situation code-switching is employed. Code-switching has a significant relevance to sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics does not only examine the language use in society. It also has function within the society itself. The use of more than one language can enable people create a good ambience of communication people may act towards the language. The act depends on the context, situation or people they communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with language and society who use the language and social background of the language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relationship between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good communication. 10

2. Code-switching

Asher 1994 states that “the term “code” refers to variety of a language.” Asher defined code switching as the switching from one variety to another, either of the same language or of different languages, in speech or writing. There are some different arguments which were proposed by linguists in order to define the terms code-switching and borrowing. Some linguistics differentiate these two terms. However, many linguists tend to see that code- switching and borrowing as a continuum. In this research, the researcher sees code-switching as similar process. It has been supported by Rezaeian 2009: 16 views that “code-switching and borrowing have similar processes which fall along a single co ntinuum” a. The Nature of Code-Switching According to Gardner 1997: 36, code- switching can be defined as “the use of two or more la nguages in the same conversation or utterance” Such kind of behavior occurs in situations where the people are bilingualism or multilingualism, situations of immigrations, and regional minorities. Therefore, code-switching is a common thing in the society. Gardner adds that behavior involved in the phenomenon relies on the sociolinguistics circumstances and the language combination as well. Gardner‟s idea is supported by Wardaugh 2010: 103 who states that “utilizing several varieties of any languages they speak is a common thing found in bilingual or multilingual person rather than unlingual person. He found that it is unusual thing to have command of only a single variety of language. Therefore,