Memory Series Novels Definition of Terms

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2. Code-switching

Asher 1994 states that “the term “code” refers to variety of a language.” Asher defined code switching as the switching from one variety to another, either of the same language or of different languages, in speech or writing. There are some different arguments which were proposed by linguists in order to define the terms code-switching and borrowing. Some linguistics differentiate these two terms. However, many linguists tend to see that code- switching and borrowing as a continuum. In this research, the researcher sees code-switching as similar process. It has been supported by Rezaeian 2009: 16 views that “code-switching and borrowing have similar processes which fall along a single co ntinuum” a. The Nature of Code-Switching According to Gardner 1997: 36, code- switching can be defined as “the use of two or more la nguages in the same conversation or utterance” Such kind of behavior occurs in situations where the people are bilingualism or multilingualism, situations of immigrations, and regional minorities. Therefore, code-switching is a common thing in the society. Gardner adds that behavior involved in the phenomenon relies on the sociolinguistics circumstances and the language combination as well. Gardner‟s idea is supported by Wardaugh 2010: 103 who states that “utilizing several varieties of any languages they speak is a common thing found in bilingual or multilingual person rather than unlingual person. He found that it is unusual thing to have command of only a single variety of language. Therefore, 11 people who live in a multilingual country have the tendency to choose the varieties or codes they want to talk with. Hoffmann 1991: 110 states that the wide-ranging description of code- switching is that “it involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or during t he same conversation.” She adds that the switching could consist of changing languages. Bilinguals are typically able to switch their language. She also adds that older people have capability in controlling the amount of code-switching they do rather than younger people. Some factors influence how they switch their language, such as contextual, situatioal, and personal factors. From the point of view of some linguists previously, it can be concluded that code-switching is the language ‟s change in the same utterances. Additionally, the switching can be in the primary utterance, in the middle utterance, or in the last utterance. b. The Types of Code-Switching Gumperz 1982, as cited in Gardner 1997, classifies the types of code- switching into three, namely, situational code-switching, conversational code- switching, and metaphorical code-switching. Gumperz also 1982 identifies a distinction between situationl and conversational code-switching as well. “Situational code-switching refers to language shifting which related to a change of interlocutor , setting, or topic” Gardner, 1997. Conversely, “conversational code-switching does not necessarily coincide with those changes but is prompted by factors within the conversation itself” Gardner, 1997. Other than that, “when 12 the switching carried a particular evocative purpose for example, speaking about a place in the variety which is used there, it is called metaphori cal switching” Gardner, 1997. “A possible reason in distinguishing those different types of code-switching is that they tend to occur in the same context and often involve the same speakers” 1997: 361. Instead of that, speakers also involve two varieties of language in order to preserve their monolingual character. This type of code- switching is called code-mixing. Gardner 1997 cites from Harmers and Blanc 1989 that this code-mixing term is sometimes called as interference. Hoffmann 1991 illustrates some evidence that there are many types of code-switching. From the examples she has made, she concludes that the first type of code-switching is occured when the switching is within the sentence or it is called intra-sentential switches. Second, the switches happen between sentences or inter-sentential switches. The third is called emblematic switching. This type includes items such as tags or exclamations which serve as an emblem of the bilingual character. Moreover, the last type of switching involves a change of pronunciation feature. Those types typically occur at the phonological level. According to McCormick 1994, as cited in Asher‟s Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , there are six types of code-switching. The classification is based on the length of juxtaposed elements of utterance. Those types are single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code- switching, clause code-switching, integrated loanwords, and diglossic code- switching. Since this research deals with written form of code-switching, the researcher took McCormick‟s theory which are suitable to the research.