Code switching in N.H. Dini's Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca kembali ke Semarang

CODE

-

SWITCHING IN N.H. DINI’S

JEPUN NEGERINYA HIROKO

AND

PONDOK BACA KEMBALI KE SEMARANG

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Fransisca Galih Permatasari Student Number: 091214094

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2014

i

CODE-SWITCHING IN N.H. DINI

’S

JEPUN NEGERINYA HIROKO

AND PONDOK BACA KEMBALI KE SEMARANG

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Fransisca Galih Permatasari Student Number: 091214094

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2014

iv

This thesis is dedicated to:

Papa and Mama

, for their unconditional love, care, and support.

For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the Lord,

thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a future and a hope.

(Jeremiah 29: 11, NKJV)

I can do all things through Christ, who strengthened me.

STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGII{ALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, whiclr i have written, does not coutain the work or parts of the work

of

otl-rer people, except those cited in the quotations and

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 3 I antary 2074 The writer

efr

Fransisca Galih Petmatasari

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILN{IAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAI{ AKADEMIS

Yang berlanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama Fran si sca Galih Permatasari

Nomor

Mahasiswa

: 091214094

Demi pengembangan ihnu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhama karya ihniah saya yang berjudul:

CODE-SWITCHING IN NH. DINI'S JEPUN NEGERINYA HIROKO

AND PONDOK BACA KEMBALI KE SEMARANG

Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata

Dharma

hak

untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya

di

internet atau media lain tanpa perlu meminta

ijin

dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenamya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarla

Pada tanggal: 3 J anuai 20I 4

Yang menyatakan

vi Fransisca Galih Permatasari

vii

ABSTRACT

Permatasari, Fransisca Galih. (2014). Code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Yogyakarta: English

Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

When bilingual or multilingual people communicate with each other, some sociolinguistic cases such as code-switching will rise up. Regarding the cases, this study was conducted to investigate the use of code-switching in N.H. Dini‟s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The two novels were

chosen due to the need for measuring the development of the use code-switching

in N.H. Dini‟s novels.

The research has two research problems to be answered, namely 1) What are the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? and 2) What are the reasons for using

code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang? Thus, there are two main objectives in this research. First, it aims to

observe the types of code-switching found in N.H. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Second, it attempts to find out

the reasons for code-switching in N.H. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Those two objectives lead the researcher to

reveal the development of the use of code-switching in N.H. Dini‟s novels.

Since the research provided an in-depth description of a certain phenomenon, the qualitative approach was used as the nature of the research. Content analysis was conducted as the method in the study since it analyzes the types and reasons of code-switching in N.H. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Further, the researcher also applied the

descriptive approach in which the final results of this research were intepreted in the form of description.

The findings of the research showed that the most dominant type found in

Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang was single-word code-switching. There were 65.80% single-word code-switching cases of English code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s two novels. However, there was no diglossic code-switching cases in those two novels. On the other hand, there were two common reasons for code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Those were to build good

relation with the target readers and to express some words which either did not have Indonesian term or had Indonesian term but they were rarely used. However, there were only 3.89% of English code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s two novels whose

reason was to quote someone‟s statements or expressions. Keywords: code-switching, N.H. Dini, family conflict

viii

ABSTRAK

Permatasari, Fransisca Galih. (2014). Code-switching in N.H. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Yogyakarta:

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Ketika orang-orang penutur bilingual maupun multilingual

berkomunikasi, beberapa kasus sosiolinguistik seperti alih kode akan muncul. Berkenaan dengan permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini diadakan untuk menginvestigasi penggunaan alih kode dalam novel karya N.H. Dini yang berjudul Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semara ng. Dua novel ini dipilih berdasarkan kebutuhan untuk mengukur perkembangan penggunaan alih kode pada novel-novel karya N.H. Dini.

Penelitian ini memiliki dua permasalahan yang harus dijawab, yaitu 1) Apa saja tipe-tipe alih kode yang terdapat pada novel karya Nh. Dini yang berjudul Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? dan 2) Apa saja alasan-alasan alih kode yang terdapat pada novel karya Nh. Dini yang berjudul Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? Maka dari itu, penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan utama. Tujuan yang pertama adalah untuk meninjau tipe-tipe alih kode yang terdapat dalam novel Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang karya N.H. Dini. Tujuan yang kedua adalah untuk mencari alasan-alasan penggunaan alih kode dalam novel Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang karya N.H. Dini. Kedua tujuan tersebut berguna untuk mengungkapkan perkembangan penggunaan alih kode dalam novel karya N.H. Dini.

Penilitian ini memberikan deskripsi mendalam mengenai suatu fenomena, maka dari itu peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Metode analisa isi diadakan karena penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa berbagai tipe dan alasan penggunaan alih kode pada novel karya N.H. Dini, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko dan Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Lebih jauh lagi, peneliti juga menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dimana hasil akhir dalam penelitian ini diintepretasikan dalam suatu deskripsi.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tipe paling dominan pada novel karya Nh. Dini, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang adalah single-word code-switching. Terdapat 65.80% kasus

single-word code-switching dalam kedua novel karya N.H. Dini tersebut. Akan tetapi

tidak ditemukan adanya kasus diglossic code-switching pada kedua novel

tersebut. Di sisi yang lain, ada dua alasan umum alih kode yang terdapat pada kedua novel karya N.H. Dini tersebut. Kedua alasan tersebut adalah untuk membangun relasi yang baik dengan pembaca dan untuk mengungkapkan beberapa kata yang tidak memiliki istilah dalam bahasa Indonesia atau memiliki istilah dalam bahasa Indonesia tetapi jarang digunakan. Akan tetapi, hanya ada 3.89% kasus alih kode dalam bahasa Inggris pada kedua novel N.H. Dini yang alasannya adalah untuk mengutip pernyataan dan ungkapan seseorang.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It has been up and down that I had to face during the process of

completing this thesis. I believe this work would not have finished without

support and help from the people around me. So here I am giving my gratitude

and thankfulness to each person who strengthens me in the long-winded journey

to achieve my Sarjana Pendidikan degree.

First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ

for His never ending love and grace. I thank Him for the health and every single

thing that He has prepared for me.

I would like to express my earnest thanks to my advisor, Drs. Barli Bram,

M.Ed., Ph.D., who has patiently given me part of his precious time to read,

correct, and improve my thesis. I am deeply grateful for his suggestion, advice,

and assistance in every part of my study during the completion of this thesis.

My gratitude also goes to all lecturers of the English Language Education

Study Program who have given me valuable and everlasting knowledge during

my study. The same expression goes to the secretariat staff of the English

Language Education Study Program for helping me in the administration

procedure.

My special thanks go to my parents, Edi Harlianto and Suzanna

Idhiyati, for supporting me morally and financially, for everlasting love, care,

x

brothers, Rizerius Galih Rakasiwi and Graceus Galih Ravindra, for being my

spirit when I was down.

I would like to thank Diyonisius for being a good listener, great motivator,

and great partner in happiness and sorrows. I thank him for his care, support, and

attention. He encouraged and asked me to never stop trying when I was falling.

My thankfulness goes to all friends of ELESP batch 2009 class B,

especially Dani’, Hana, Sinta, Hans, Cha-cha ‘Solo’, Mas Anggit, Agnes, and Alice, for the great time we share. I thank ELEGY and LEATHER, for the great

process and togetherness we have passed. My thanks also go to my best friend,

Awa Merdiani for always supporting me. I would like to express my

overwhelming thanks to my best motivator ever, Jan Patrick Ostrowski for

supporting and asking me for always be an optimist person.

Last but not least, I would like to thank everybody whose name cannot be

mentioned one by one, for their support and prayers so that I can finish this thesis.

May Jesus Christ grant them peace, joy, and happiness.

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENTS OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Research Background ... 1

B. Research Problem ... 3

C. Problem Limitation ... 3

D. Research Objectives ... 4

E. Research Benefits ... 4

F. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 8

A. Theoretical Description ... 8

xii

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 18

A. Research Method ... 18

B. Research Subject ... 19

C. Research Instrument ... 21

D. Data Gathering Technique ... 21

E. Data Analysis Technique ... 22

F. Research Procedure ... 23

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION ... 24

A. The Types of Code-Switching ... 24

B. The Reasons for Using Code-Switching ... 31

C. The Development of the Use of Code-Switching ... 35

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 42

A. Conclusions ... 42

B. Recommendations ... 44

REFERENCES ... 46

APPENDICES ... 49

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Number of Cases of Single-Word Code-Switching ... 25

4.2 Number of Cases of Phrase Code-Switching ... 27

4.3 Number of Cases of Clause Code-Switching ... 28

4.4 Number of Cases of Sentence Code-Switching ... 29

4.5 Number of Cases of Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching ... 30

4.6 Number of Cases of Diglossic Code-Switching ... 31

4.7 Number of Cases of Building Good Relation with the Target Reader ... 32

4.8 Number of Cases of Expressing some Words which did not have Indonesian Terms ... 33

4.9 Number of Cases of Quoting Someone‟s Statements or Expressions ... 34

4.10 Number of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh.Dini‟s novels. ... 36

4.11 Number of Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini‟s novels ... 39

A.1. Types of Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko ... 54

A.2. Types of Code-Switching in Pondok Baca ... 67

B.1. Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko ... 76

B.2. Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Pondok Baca ... 87

C.1. Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching ... 93

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 (An Overview of Nh. Dini) ... 50

Appendix 2 (The Synopsis of Jepun Negerinya Hiroko) ... 51

Appendix 3 (The Synopsis of Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang)... 53

Appendix 4 (Types of Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko) ... 54

Appendix 5 (Types of Code-Switching in Pondok Baca) ... 67

Appendix 6 (Reasons of Code-Switching in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko) ... 76

Appendix 7 (Reasons of Code-Switching in Pondok Baca) ... 87

Appendix 8 (Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching) ... 93

1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the research background, research problem, problem

limitation, research objective, reseach benefits, and definitions of terms. The

research background consists of the researcher‟s reasons for choosing the topic. The research problem deals with the main problem or the main point that the

researcher wants to deeply uncover. The problem limitation is the limitation of the

problem in this research, so it will not be too broad. The research objective is

about the reason why this research was conducted. The research benefits deals

with the beneficial effect for the English Language Education Study Program

students, readers, and other researchers. The definition of terms deals with the

definition of terms related to this research.

A. Research Background

Globalization influences many aspects in human life, especially in social

aspect. In social aspect, globalization demands people around the world to interact

with each other. Due to that reason, many people tend to be either bilingual or

multilingual. When bilingual or multilingual people communicate with each other,

some sociolinguistic cases such as code-switching will rise up. Regarding the

cases, this study was conducted to investigate the use of code-switching in N.H.

2

novels were chosen because N.H. Dini‟s novels contain a lot of cases of code-switching that the researcher wants to measure.

The researcher chose Nh. Dini‟s novels to be observed since Nh. Dini is a

popular novelist in Indonesia. Besides, she had ever lived abroad for many years.

Due to those reasons, the researcher wanted to know how big the effects of being

a multilingual person for Nh. Dini to her work, especially her style of writing.

The researcher also chose the two novels of Nh. Dini which were published in

different years since she wanted to investigate whether there were some

developments of the use of code-switching or not. She also wanted to know

whether the settings of the country in the novel influenced the use of

code-switching or not. Therefore, the researcher chose Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel which was published in 2000 and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel which was published in 2011. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel‟s setting is abroad,

mostly in Japan, while Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel‟s setting is in

Indonesia, especially in Semarang, Central Java.

One interesting language feature that can be found in novels is the

prominent alternation of words, phrases, or even sentences from English put

together with Indonesian to construct interesting language expression. For

example, the word shopping is used frequently in novels. In fact, in Indonesian language, people can say belanja but Indonesians tend to use the word shopping

than the word belanja.

This phenomenon of alternation between languages was defined by

within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of words” (Spolsky, 1998). People often switch between the two languages in the middle of their

conversation. Code switching also often happens in the written texts.

Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher would like to focus her

attention on the development of the use of code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The researcher wants

to investigate the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang and the reasons for using

code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang.

B. Research Problem

This research aims to answer two main problems. The two main problems

are stated as follows:

1. What are the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang?

2. What are the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang?

C. Problem Limitation

In this research, the researcher will only focus on the types of

code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali

4

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. This research

involves the switching between Indonesian and English language. In addition, it is

limited to observe two of Nh. Dini‟s memory series novels, Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. This decision was based on the

need to adequate data and time efficiency consideration.

D. Research Objectives

This research aims to answer the problem formulation as follows:

1. To observe the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

2. To find out the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini’s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

E. Research Benefits

This research is expected to give contributions to the English Language

Education Study Program students, readers, and other researchers.

1. English Language Education Study Program Students

By conducting this research, the researcher hopes that this research can

give clear explanation about the implications of code-switching in English

teaching and learning so that the teacher can anticipate it when it occurs. Besides,

the understanding of code-switching will help the English Language Education

Study Program students, as the future teachers, to obtain better foreign language

2. Readers

First, the research may expectantly give the readers who learn English as a

second language to know whether the use of code-switching can either help or

hinder learning. Second, it is expected that this research will also enrich the

readers to have broader knowledge of the common phenomenon that occurs

around them, that is code-switching.

3. Other researchers

The researher also hopes that this study will enable the other researchers to

have a further study of code-switching. In addition, this study is expected to

inspire other researchers to conduct research on the other language phenomena

which exist in society.

F. Definition of Terms

In order to get better understanding, the researcher clarifies some words

which have become the main idea of this research. These are:

1. Code switching

According to Wardaugh (2010: 1), a code is a system used when two or

more people communicate with each other in speech. Moreover, Valdes-Fallis

(1977: 111), as cited by Duran states that code-switching means the use of two

languages concurrently or interchangeably. It shows the degree of competence in

the languages. Code-switching usually happens when bilingual people access to

two codes and for one reason or another shift back and forth between the two

6

language to Indonesian language context in Indonesian novels, Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

2. Memory Series Novels

Nh. Dini wrote many novels, such as memory series novels. There were

around 12 novels which are included in memory series novels. They were Sebuah Lorong di Kotaku (1978), Pada Ilalang di Belakang Rumah (1979), Langit dan Bumi Sahabat Kami (1979), Sekayu (1981), Kuncup Berseri (1982), Kemayoran (2000), Jepun Negerinya Hiroko (2000), Dari Parangik ke Kampuchea (2003), Dari Fontenay ke Magallianes (2005), La Grande Bourne (2007), Argenteuil:

Hidup Memisahkan Diri (2008), and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang (2011).

The stories in Nh. Dini‟s memory series novels were continuous. These novels

told about Dini‟s life from her youth until her old age.

3. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published in 2000. It is one of the

memory seriesnovels written by Nh. Dini. The setting of place of this novels was

abroad, mostly in Japan. Besides Japan, there were some other setting of places

like Hongkong, Kampuchea, and Indonesia. The characters in this novels were

mostly educated men. Since Dini was married to Yves Coffin, a French diplomat,

therefore she met a lot of Yves‟ colleagues who were all educated.

4. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

The Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel was published in 2011,

eleven years after the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published. This novel is

life after coming back to Indonesia in 1980, therefore the setting of place in this

novel was in Semarang, Indonesia. In Semarang, Dini lived in a small village

named Sekayu. There she lived with her family and some local people. Therefore

8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss some theories used in the research. The theories

are used to support the research. This chapter aims to give basic principles related

to the formulated problems. This chapter consists of two major sections,

theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description will

give explanation of theoretical review related to code-switching. In addition, the

theoretical framework will discuss the theories that are used as the framework of

this research.

A. Theoretical Description

This section will elaborate some theories. The theories that will be

elaborated are sociolinguistics, code switching, and brief descriptions of Nh.

Dini‟s memory series novels.

This research deals with a phenomenon that exists in society. As

Nababan (1991) states that there are three fields of examining language in society,

(1) Influence of society toward language, (2) Language function in society, and

(3) Ways of language use in society. Meanwhile, Nababan also argued that

sociolingustics has influence in educational context, in which sociolinguistics has

1. Sociolinguistics

According to Lehman (1972), sociolinguistics is the study of the use of

language in society. There are some factors that influence the use of language in

society. One of those factors is bilingualism. Bilingualism is when a person has a

tendency to use more that one language to communicate with others. One of the

common products of bilingualism is code-switching.

In the condition of bilingualism, people will often alter language or

language style. Bilingualism depends on the condition and the needs of using the

language itself. As an example, when a speaker uses “A” language to talk with a second speaker. Afterwards, a third speaker who is not able to use “A” language comes and joins the conversation situation. Therefore, the first speaker switched

into “B” language which is understandable by the third speaker. In this situation code-switching is employed. Code-switching has a significant relevance to

sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics does not only examine the language use in society. It

also has function within the society itself. The use of more than one language can

enable people create a good ambience of communication people may act towards

the language. The act depends on the context, situation or people they

communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with language and society who use the

language and social background of the language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relationship between speaker and addressee, the

context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good

10

2. Code-switching

Asher (1994)states that “the term “code” refers to variety of a language.” Asher defined code switching as the switching from one variety to another, either

of the same language or of different languages, in speech or writing.

There are some different arguments which were proposed by linguists in

order to define the terms code-switching and borrowing. Some linguistics

differentiate these two terms. However, many linguists tend to see that

code-switching and borrowing as a continuum. In this research, the researcher sees

code-switching as similar process. It has been supported by Rezaeian (2009: 16)

views that “code-switching and borrowing have similar processes which fall along a single continuum”

a. The Nature of Code-Switching

According to Gardner (1997: 36), code-switching can be defined as “the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance” Such kind of behavior occurs in situations where the people are bilingualism or

multilingualism, situations of immigrations, and regional minorities. Therefore,

code-switching is a common thing in the society. Gardner adds that behavior

involved in the phenomenon relies on the sociolinguistics circumstances and the

language combination as well.

Gardner‟s idea is supported by Wardaugh (2010: 103) who states that

“utilizing several varieties of any languages they speak is a common thing found

in bilingual or multilingual person rather than unlingual person. He found that it is

people who live in a multilingual country have the tendency to choose the

varieties or codes they want to talk with.

Hoffmann (1991: 110) states that the wide-ranging description of

code-switching is that “it involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation.” She adds that the switching could consist of changing languages. Bilinguals are typically

able to switch their language. She also adds that older people have capability in

controlling the amount of code-switching they do rather than younger people.

Some factors influence how they switch their language, such as contextual,

situatioal, and personal factors.

From the point of view of some linguists previously, it can be concluded

that code-switching is the language‟s change in the same utterances. Additionally, the switching can be in the primary utterance, in the middle utterance, or in the

last utterance.

b. The Types of Code-Switching

Gumperz (1982), as cited in Gardner (1997), classifies the types of

switching into three, namely, situational switching, conversational

code-switching, and metaphorical code-switching. Gumperz also (1982) identifies a

distinction between situationl and conversational code-switching as well.

“Situational code-switching refers to language shifting which related to a change of interlocutor, setting, or topic” (Gardner, 1997). Conversely, “conversational code-switching does not necessarily coincide with those changes but is prompted

12

the switching carried a particular evocative purpose for example, speaking about a

place in the variety which is used there, it is called metaphorical switching” (Gardner, 1997). “A possible reason in distinguishing those different types of code-switching is that they tend to occur in the same context and often involve the

same speakers” (1997: 361). Instead of that, speakers also involve two varieties of language in order to preserve their monolingual character. This type of

code-switching is called code-mixing. Gardner (1997) cites from Harmers and Blanc

(1989) that this code-mixing term is sometimes called as interference.

Hoffmann (1991) illustrates some evidence that there are many types of

code-switching. From the examples she has made, she concludes that the first type

of code-switching is occured when the switching is within the sentence or it is

called intra-sentential switches. Second, the switches happen between sentences or

inter-sentential switches. The third is called emblematic switching. This type

includes items such as tags or exclamations which serve as an emblem of the

bilingual character. Moreover, the last type of switching involves a change of

pronunciation feature. Those types typically occur at the phonological level.

According to McCormick (1994), as cited in Asher‟s Encyclopedia of

Language and Linguistics, there are six types of code-switching. The

classification is based on the length of juxtaposed elements of utterance. Those

types are single-word switching, phrase switching, sentence

switching, clause switching, integrated loanwords, and diglossic

code-switching. Since this research deals with written form of code-switching, the

Single-word code-switching is the type of code-switching in which the

writer inserts another language between the utterances she writes. The length of

juxtaposed utterance is words. McCormick (1994) in Asher‟s The Encyclopedia of

Language and Linguistics, states that chunks within utterance is called phrase

code-switching. Meanwhile, sentence code-switching is happenned when the

juxtaposed element is a whole sentence in length. Moreover, when the length of

juxtaposed element is clause, it is called clause code-switching. The next type is

integrated loanwords which involves both languages in one word. The length of

juxtaposed utterances is morphemes. The last type of code-switching proposed by

McCormick (1994) is diglossic switching. In this research, diglossic

code-switching deals with the whole discourse length of juxtaposed elements.

The researcher acknowledges that there are similar types of

code-switching proposed by those linguists. Situational, metaphorical, and contextual

switching are asserted almost by all linguists. However, those types of

code-switching occur when people have a conversation.

c. Reasons for Using Code-Switching

Code-switching is the phenomenon when someone is bilingual or

multilingual and using language besides their mother tongue. Thus, they are

mastering and employing more than one language. In speaking with others,

especially with bilingual or multilingual, both language can be utilized. Although

people do not have awareness when they switch language, but there are some

14

switch their languages when they are speaking to others. Moreover, this part

provides a various reasons for code-switching according to some linguists.

According to Wardaugh (2010), there are three reasons why people do

the code-switching. Those reasons are “the solidarity with listeners, choice of

topic, and perceived social and cultural distant” (2010: 106). He concludes that motivation is the most crucial factor which influences the selection of the type of

code-switching. He adds that “such motivation need not be at all conscious since some people are not aware that they have switched their language into a particular

language” (2010: 10).

Crystal (1987), as cited in Skiba (1997) defines a number of reasons for

the switching from one language to another language. The first one is because the

speaker may not be able to express his or her expression in one language. In this

case, the speakers switch to compensate for deficiency. The second reason is that

the speakers want to share some solidarity with a particular social group.

Relationship is established when the listeners respond by employing a similar

switch. The last reason according to Crystal (1987) is that the speakers want to

convey his or her attitude towards the listeners. It is because when the

monolingual speakers communicate using certain level of formality, the bilingual

speakers can convey the same by switching the language.

Hoffmann (1991: 115), in her book An Introduction to Bilingualism,

states that “the reason for code-switching is diverse and many of the reasons are of a contextual, situational, and personal sort”. The first reason pople switch the language appears when the speaker is quoting somebody else. The second reason

is that the speakers are being emphatic about something. To show emphaty, the

speakers take a form of either interjection or a repetition. The form of those

expressions illustrates that the speakers have personal involvement and desire to

be well understood. The next reason is contributed by Oksaar (1974), Poplack

(1980), and Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984) as cited by Wardaugh (1991: 116) who

said that code-switching is used to express group identity as well as solidarity

with a certain groups. Additionally, the last reason proposed by McClure (1977)

as cited by Wardaugh (1991) who did research on children‟s code-switch. The result shows that children at age eight or nine begins to code-switch in order to

focus on certain topic (1991: 116). The conclusion she made is that

code-switching is a habitual and frequently used as a part of social interaction among

bilinguals (Wardaugh, 1991). Bilingual speaker can also employ other language in

four ways choice compared to the monolingual speaker.

3. Brief Description of Nh. Dini’s Memory Series Novels

Nh. Dini is a productive writer. She writes many novels. Some of her

novels are included in Memory Series novels. They are called Memory Series

novels because the story from a novel to the other novels are continued. The

Memory Series novels are Sebuah Lorong di Kotaku (1978), Pada Ilalang di

Belakang Rumah (1979), Langit Dan Bumi Sahabat Kami (1979), Sekayu (1981), Kuncup Berseri (1982), Kemayoran (2000), Jepun Negerinya Hiroko (2000), Dari Parangik ke Kampuchea (2003), Dari Fontenay ke Magallianes (2005), La

16

Baca Kembali ke Semarang (2011). These Memory Series novels tells about an

Indonesian woman‟s life. The woman is named Dini, just the same with the author‟s name. In the story, the author tells Dini‟s life such as about her house, her marriage, her family, her problems, her travelling abroad, her divorce, and also

her life after come back to Indonesia. The story in Memory Series novels is almost

the same with the author‟s life story. The characters in the story are also the same with the people around her. Some sources also said that the Memory Series novels

tells the author‟s life story, therefore it is just like Nh. Dini‟s biography.

B. Theoretical Framework

In order to conduct systematic research, the researcher organizes this

theoretical framework that will be the base to accomplish this research. Here are

the basic theories in this theoretical framework.

1. Types of code-switching

In answering the first research question which deals with the common

types exist in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series novels, the researcher bases the theory which was proposed by McCormick (1994). He classifies the

types of code-switching into six types. The researcher adopts that theory to form

the types of code-switching which is appropriate for this research. Those six types

are single-word code-switching, phrase code-switching, sentence code-switching,

clause code-switching, integrated loanwords, and diglossic code-switching. This

theory will be used as the base to discuss common types of code-switching exist

2. Reasons for using code switching

In answering the second research question which deals with the reasons

for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Memory Series novels, the researcher adopts some reasons asserted by Crystal (1987) as cited in Skiba‟s

Code-switching as a Countenance of Language Interference. The first reason is that the

writer expects to build good relation with the target readers. The second reason is

that the writer wants to express some words which either did not have Indonesian

terms or had Indonesian terms but it was rarely used. The third reason is that the

writer wants to quote someone‟s statements or expressions. This theory will be used as the base to discuss the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Memory Series novels.

18

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. It consists of

research method, research subject, research instruments, data gathering technique,

data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

The researcher used certain methodology as a guidance to conduct the

research. Since the researcher discussed about code-switching which deals with

the phenomenon in a society, thus the researcher used qualitative research as the

nature of this research. Hancock (2002: 6) states that “qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. That is to say, it

aims to help us to understand the world in which we live and why things are the

way they are.” From Hancock‟s theory, qualitative research tends to answer “why

things”. Moreover, Taylor (2000: 16) explains the purpose of qualitative research

as “to provide rich narrative descriptions of phenomena that enhances understanding with words.” Thus, the qualitative could help the researcher to have in-depth understanding about code-switching phenomenon in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. Besides, qualitative

research equips the researcher to be able to explore feeling, opinion, and

In analyzing the research questions which deal with the types and reasons

of code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟sJepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang, the researcher used content analysis. A content analysis

was considered as the most appropriate method to be used in the research because

the research deals with the analysis of a phenomenon in written context, that is

English code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang. Content analysis helps the researcher to analyze and

interpret the data. According to Leedy and Ormord (2005: 142), a content analysis

is “a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of

material for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes, and biases. It is typically

performed on forms of human communication, including books, newspapers,

films, television, art, music, videotapes of human interactions, and transcripts of

conversation.” Their argument is supported by Ary, et al, “the procedure for systematically analyzing written materials is called document analysis or content

analysis” (Ary, et al, 2002: 385). Therefore, the researcher conducted the research

to analyze the resources from Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok

Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

B. Research Subject

Since this research focuses on investigating code-switching phenomenon

in written context, therefore the researcher chose Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang as the subject of this research.

20

famous and talented female Indonesian writers. Besides, Nh. Dini has proven her

talent in writing by receiving some awards, such as SEA Write Award and

Achmad Bakrie Award. Although she is getting older, Nh. Dini‟s passion in writing never receded. She keeps on writing whenever and wherever she can do it.

Her writing is various, such as short stories, novels, and also biografies. Writing

seems to be Nh. Dini‟s way of life. From writing, she can live her life. From

writing also, she can tell the readers about the reality of life, her life experiences,

and also her care to the environment. Writing seems to be Nh. Dini‟s best friend in

telling her unspoken stories and desires. Since most of Nh. Dini‟s writing is about her life stories, therefore Nh. Dini‟s writing style can be considered as feminist style. In addition, Nh. Dini also provides many code-switching cases in her

writing which become a space for readers to learn English by enriching new

vocabularies used in the novel. The researcher analyzed the novel first, and then

she obtained the proof of the existence of code-switching by examining words,

phrases, and sentences which combined two languages (English and Bahasa

Indonesia).

Since the researcher wants to analyze the development of code-switching

phenomena in Nh. Dini‟s of Memory Series novels, so the researcher employed the two novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. This consideration was based on the need of adequate data, where the chosen

novels have provided the sufficient evidence of the occurrence of a

that the code-switching phenomenon in Nh. Dini‟s Memory Series novels is influenced by the setting of place of the novels.

C. Research Instruments

The characteristic of qualitative research is that the researcher is the main

instrument in collecting and analyzing the data. Lincoln and Guba (1985), as cited

in Introduction to Research in Education: Sixth Edition by Ary, Jacobs, and

Razavich (2002: 424), states that „in qualitative research which dealt with human and situations, researcher needed a flexible instrument who could read the

documents, or talk with people or in other words studied the human experience.”

Moreover, Lang (1993: 2) states that one of the distinguishing characteristics of

qualitative enquiry is that “the investigator is the principal „instrument‟ for data

collection.” From the statements, it can be said that only human instrument was competent in this undertaking. Then, human instrument and the document itself

were utilized to gain the data in this research.

D. Data Gathering Technique

In gathering data for this research, the researcher used library research.

The technique used to help the researcher to gain the data. The researcher

employed library research which was based on theories proposed by some

linguists to describe the types and reasons for code-switching. These theories then

would be used as the foundation to analyze the data which deal with the types and

22

E. Data Analysis Technique

After gathering the data, then the data was analyzed. Since it was

qualitative research, the nature of the data was in the form of words. In gaining a

qualified finding, the researcher followed the organized step in analyzing and

organizing the qualitative research which were constructed by Creswell. Creswell

(1998), as cited by Leedy and Ormord (2005) described a spiral data analysis

which covered four steps, namely organizing the data, examining the data,

identifying general categories and classifying each piece of data, and integrating

and summarizing the data. Then, the researcher adapted those steps to this

research.

1. Organizing the data

The researcher scanned Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series novels, which are Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang to identify words, phrase, clause, and sentence which contained

code-switching. Before listing the data into observation checklist, the researcher

highlighted the code-switching cases from those two novels.

2. Examining the data

After reading and examining thoroughly the code-switching cases that

had been put in observation checklist, the researcher might have an early

interpretation toward the phenomenon being discussed in this research.

3. Identifying general categories and classifying each piece of data

4. Integrating and summarizing the data

After finishing identification step, then the researcher summarized and

made conclusion toward code-switching phenomenon which was based on the

data analysis. Since it was qualitative research, the researcher drew conclusion by

her personal interpretation which was based on some theoretical theories proposed

by linguists.

F. Research Procedure

In this part, the researcher would describe the procedure of how the

researcher organized the research. There are some steps which were done to

accomplish this research. Those steps are:

1. Selecting the problem

There were some reason that bring the researcher conducted the research.

Since most of the previous studies deals with readers‟ opinion on code-switching in written context, this became one of the reasons of why the researcher conducted

this research.

2. Selecting the sample of novels

The researcher decided to use Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series novels as the research subject that was observed. Furthermore, since this research

deals with the development of the use code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Memory Series novels, the researcher chose Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

24

in which the chosen novels has provided sufficient evidence of the occurrence of

the code-switching phenomenon.

3. Designing observation checklist

This step might come up with the specific data which have been obtained

from the observation checklist and the interview result. In the third step, the

researcher went through detailed analysis. Dealing with the first research question

in this research, the researcher classified code-switching data into description

based on each types. Meanwhile, for the second research questions, the researcher

classified the result of it in the table too.

4. Identifying code-switching cases and listing into observation checklist

After designing observation checklist and interview guide, the researcher

identified every code-switching case which occured in the chosen edition of Nh.

Dini‟s Memory Series novels by highlighting the code-switching cases there. Afterwards, they were listed into observation checklist.

5. Summarizing the result and making conclusion based on the finding

In this step, the researcher drew a conclusion which was based on the

findings that have been obtained. The researcher‟s interpretation toward the

phenomenon being discussed played important role to make the conclusion. The

conclusion is related to the two problems which were discussed in this research,

which focus on the types and the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

25

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research results and discussion. This section is

divided into two sections, namely the types of code switching found in Nh. Dini‟s

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang and the reasons

for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟sJepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

A.The Types of Code-Switching

The researcher sorted the types of code-switching in this research based

on McCormick‟s theory (1994). After that, the researcher categorized code -switching into six types. Those types were single-word code--switching, phrase

code-switching, clause code-switching, sentence code-switching, integrated

loanwords, and diglossic code-switching.

1. Single-Word Code-Switching

The first type of code-switching was single-word code-switching. This

type of code-switching had only a word to be substituted. The number of the

single-word of code-switching cases was shown in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Number of Cases of Single-Word Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 116

26

Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko had more single-word

code-switching cases than Nh. Dini‟s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The number of single-word code-switching cases in Jepun Negerinya Hiroko was 116 cases. From the data, the researcher found that some words appeared frequently, not only

once. Therefore, the researcher tried to rank the single-word code-switching cases

based on its frequency. In this case, the word lift had the biggest number of

frequency which appeared 22 times. The word freezer was appeared five times.

The third place was the word cocktail which appeared four times, whereas VIP,

buffet, scarf, times, amber, and stand were the words which were used three

times. The words pullover, cardigan, chic, champagne, rontgen, Newsweek,

rose, pancake, steak, and jive were appeared two times. Then, the left words,

around 43 words, were used only once.

Nh. Dini‟s Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang had 36 cases of single-word code-switching. The most frequent single-word was AC which appeared four times.

The second place was the words dollar, pizza, seafood, and ginger which

appeared two times. Then, the left 23 words, such as the words souvenir, fitness,

sandwich, voucher, and snack were used only once.

2. Phrase Code-Switching

The second type of code-switching was phrase code-switching. In these

code-switching cases, all of the English phrases which were found in the novels

were categorized as phrase-code-switching. The phrase could be a verb phrase,

case, the researcher would provide some examples of the cases which were taken

randomly from each novel. The number of cases of phrase code-switching was

shown in table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Number of Cases of Phrase Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 31

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 32

In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were 31 cases of phrase code-switching. These cases were less than the cases of phrase code-switching in

the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The researcher found that in this type of

code-switching there were some categories of phrase. Based on the data, the

researcher found out that in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, the most frequent phrases were noun phrase. Twin set, standing reception, baby lotion, cream

butter, and mashed potato were some examples of phrase code switching found in

the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel.

Moreover, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel had 32 cases of phrase code-switching. That was utmost amount compared to the other novel,

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko. This novel also contained some phrase categories which

emerged frequently. The most frequent phrase category was noun phrase. Video

player, full time woman writer, family planning, real estate, student exchange,

and five minutes talk were some examples of noun phrases appeared in the

28

3. Clause Code-Switching

The third type of code-switching was clause code-switching. This type of

code-switching could be identified by seeking the conjunctions preceding the

clause, such as but, or, and. Moreover, the number of clause code-switching cases was represented in table 4.3.

Table 4.3 Number of Cases of Clause Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 1

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang -

The first novel was Jepun Negerinya Hiroko. From table 4.3, it could be seen that Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel only had a case of clause code-switching. The case was shown in this example, “Sana! Pulanglah! Go home! Take a cold shower and one big glass of black coffee. Itu akan menjernihkan pikiran Anda.”

(Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 310)

The second novel was Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. In this novel, there was no case of clause code-switching. This type of code-switching seemed

unpopular to be used in this novel.

4. Sentence Code-Switching

The fourth type of code-switching was sentence code-switching. This

type of code-switching could be recognized by some signs such as full stop (.),

comma (,), question mark (?), or exclamation mark (!). The researcher should

investigate the preceding and the following sentence of the sentence being

code-switching. Sentence code-switching could be determined by followed and

preceded Indonesia sentences. The table 4.4 implied the number of cases in each

category of each novel.

Table 4.4 Number of Cases of Sentence Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 7

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 1

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more cases of sentence

code-switching than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. This novel had seven cases of sentence switching. There were three examples of sentence

code-switching in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel.

1). “Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,” kata lelaki itu dengan tekanan yang jelas asing. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8)

2). Lalu dia menoleh kepadaku meneruskan dengan nada suara lain, “I am sorry, Dini …” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 309)

3). “Then you have to behave like a lady!” suara Yves lantang menembus kelengangan jalan. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 310)

The second novel, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, only had one case of sentence code-switching. The sentence code-switching was “I don’t have

any shower, so you have to pour the water directly from the small bucket to your body.” kataku. (Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 123)

30

5. Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching

The fifth type of code-switching was integrated loanwords. This type of

code-switching usually combined English word with Indonesia affixes, such as –

nya, meng-, di-,and -ku. This sort of code-switching was not much found in

articles. Moreover, the number of integrated loanwords found in two novels was

represented by table 4.5.

Table 4.5 Number of Cases of Integrated Loanwords Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 2

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang -

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more integrated loanwords

code-switching cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. There were two cases of integrated loanwords in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel. Those cases were shown in the following example.

4). “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan café-nya sama seperti di jalan-jalan kota negeri itu.” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5)

5). “Siang itu Tuan Hoo berjanji akan menjadi supplier-ku.” (Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko, p. 60)

The second novel was Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. In this novel, there were no cases of integrated loanwords code-switching.

6. Diglossic Code-Switching

The fifth or the last type of code-switching was diglossic code-switching.

which are larger than a sentence. Hence, the form of diglossic code-switching

could be the whole page of an article, a phrase, a sentence, or even a paragraph.

The number of diglossic code-switching cases was presented by table 4.6.

Table 4.6 Number of Cases of Diglossic Code-Switching

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko -

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang -

From the table 4.6, it could be seen that there were no diglossic

switching cases in both novels. Nh. Dini did not write any diglossic

code-switching cases in her two novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang. This type of code-switching seemed unpopular to be used.

B.The Reasons for Using Code-Switching

In determining the reasons of code-switching, the researcher utilized an

approach based on the theory proposed by Crystal (1987) and Hoffmann (1991).

Based on Crystal‟s theory, the researcher concluded that there were three reason

of code-switching. Those reasons were to build good relation with the target

readers, to express some words which either did not have Indonesian term or had

Indonesian terms but it was rarely used, and to quote someone‟s statements or expressions.

1. To build good relation with the target readers

The first reason of code-switching was to build good relation with the

32

Table 4.7 Number of Cases of Building Good Relation with the Target Reader

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 41

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more building good relation with

the target readers‟ cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The novel has 41 cases of the reason to build good relation with the target readers. The

cases of it were presented in the following example.

6). “Untuk menjadi istri seorang diplomat Prancis, aku diwajibkan melewati beberapa wawancara yang di masa itu disebut tanya-jawab atau interview.”

(Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 2)

7). “Yang terakhir itu ternyata merupakan yang paling praktis, karena terdiri dari semacam t-shirt berlengan pendek …” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5)

8). “Di dalam suratnya, Yves juga menyuruhku membeli satu jas hujan yang tebal dan waterproof, karena bulan Mei di Kobe …” (Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko, p. 5)

In the second novel, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, there were 36 cases of the reasons for building good relations with the target readers. The cases

of it were also presented in the following three examples.

9). “Di Indonesia, kukira aku sendirian sebagai perempuan pengarang penuh. Di forum internasional disebut full time woman writer.” (Pondok Baca Kembali

ke Semarang, p. 35)

10). “Kami sepakat akan memilih Colt L-300 saja, walaupun tidak ber-AC.”

11). “Kata souvenir mengganti kata asli cendera mata, mengarah kepada benda-benda kerajinan yang unik dari tempat wisata tertentu.” (Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang, p. 47)

2. To express some words which did not have Indonesian terms

The second reason of code-switching was to express some words which

did not have Indonesian terms. The number of cases for the second reason was

presented in table 4.8.

Table 4.8 Number of Cases of Expressing some Words which did not have Indonesian Terms

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 101

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 32

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more expressing some words

which did not have Indonesian terms cases than Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang novel. The novel has 101 cases of the reason to express some words

which did not have Indonesian terms. The cases of it were presented in the

following example.

12). “… dengan wadah-wadah kecil lain yang berisi garam dan saus mustard.”

(Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 2)

13). “Di kota itu aku menginap semalam di hotel Caravelle, dimana untuk pertama kalinya aku mengenal sebuah penemuan manusia modern yang disebut lift.”

34

14). “Pengaturan bangunan, rumah makan, dan café-nya sama seperti di jalan-jalan kota negeri itu.” (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 5)

In the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel, there were 32 cases of the reason to express some words which did not have Indonesian terms. The cases

of it were also presented in the following three examples.

15). “Di masa itu perkataan fitness mulai dikenal secara umum.” (Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang, p. 84)

16). “Istilah drop-out mulai popular pada masa itu, yang kemudian diterjemahkan dengan kata-kata „putus sekolah‟.” (Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 94)

17). “Pada saat pengarang yang diundang harus pulang ke negerinya, di bandara dia dikenakan baggage yang juga tidak sedikit.” (Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang, p. 117)

3. To quote someone’s statements or expressions

The third reason of code-switching was to quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The number of cases for the third reason was presented in table 4.9.

Table 4.9 Number of Cases of Quoting Someone’s Statements or Expressions

No Novel Number of Cases

1 Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 8

2 Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 1

The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more the third cases than Pondok

quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The cases of it were presented in the following example.

18). “Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,” kata lelaki itu dengan tekanan yang jelas asing. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8)

19). “Oh, it’s nothing. It’s nothing. No trouble at all,” sahutnya sambil membungkukkan badan. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8)

20). “Itu berarti bayi yang Anda kandung mempunyai pilihan. Good. It’s very

good because that means he has a character,” kata Hilda lagi dalam bahasa Inggris. (Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 36)

In the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel, there was only a case of the reason to quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The case of it was presented in this example, “I don’t have any shower, so you have to pour the

water directly from the small bucket to your body.” kataku. (Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang, p. 123)

C.The Development of the Use of Code-Switching

From the types and reasons for using code-switching that the researcher

found out from the data, the researcher used the data to see the development of the

use of code-switching cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series

novel, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published in 2000. Besides, the Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang novel was published in 2011. Therefore, the researcher

36

Dini‟s novel during 11 years. The development of the use code-switching in those novels was divided into two sections, the development of the types of

code-switching cases in Nh. Dini‟s novels and the development of the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s novels.

1. The Development of the Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s Novels

As has been discussed previously, the researcher used McCormick‟s

theory in investigated the types of code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s novel. Based on

McCormick‟s theory, the researcher then categorized the types of code-switching into six types. Those types were single-word switching (SW), phrase

code-switching (PH), clause code-code-switching (CL), sentence code-code-switching (SN),

integrated loanwords (IL), and diglossic code-switching (DG). Then, the

development of the types of code-switching was represented in table 4.10.

Table 4.10 Number of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh.Dini’s novels.

No Novel The Number of Cases

SW PH CL SN IL DG

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 116 31 1 7 2 -

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang 36 37 - 1 - -

From the table 4.10, it could be seen that single-word code-switching

(SW) cases in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel were 116 cases. On the other hand, the single-word code-switching (SW) cases in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke

cases in those two novels were decreased year by year. Nh. Dini used more

single-word code-switching (SW) in her Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel more often than in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. It could be seen from the table 4.10 that the single-word code-switching cases decreased 80 cases by 11 years.

The second was phrase code-switching (PH). The Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko novel had 31 cases of phrase code-switching (PH), while the second novel,

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, had 32 phrase code-switching cases (PH). It

means that phrase code-switching (PH) increased by 11 years, although it was

only a case.

In clause code-switching (CL), the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had a case of clause code-switching (CL). On the other hand, the researcher could not

find any clause code-switching (CL) cases in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang novel. Therefore, the researcher concluded that during 11 years, clause

code-switching (CL) cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series novels

decreased and disappeared anymore.

The next was sentence code-switching. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

novel had seven cases of sentence code-switching (SN), while the Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang novel only had one case. It means that during 11 years,

sentence code-switching (SN) cases decreased.

In integrated loanwords code-switching, the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko

novel had two cases of integrated loanwords code-switching (IL). On the other

hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel did not have any integrated loanwords code-switching (IL) cases. It could be concluded that integrated

38

loanwords code-switching (IL) cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory

Series novel decreased and disappeared anymore during 11 years.

The last type of code-switching was diglossic code-switching (DG). The

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had no diglossic code-switching (DG) case. The

same case also happened in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. This novel also did not have any diglossic code-switching case. It means that this type

of code-switching was unpopular to Nh. Dini‟s writing style.

Overall, the researcher found that the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more code-switching cases than the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The finding was based on some evidences. The setting of place and the characters

in the novels influence the code-switching cases found in Nh. Dini‟s novels. The

Jepun Negeriya Hiroko had more code-switching cases because the setting of

place in the novel was mostly abroad, in Japan. Besides, the characters in the

novel were mostly multilingual, therefore they tend to use code-switching in their

utterances. On the other hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang had fewer code-switching cases because the setting of place in the novel was in Semarang,

Indonesia. The characters in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang were also indigeneous people who rarely switched their utterances to English.

2. The Development of the Reason for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini’s Novels

Previously, the researcher stated that she used an approach based on the

Based on Crystal‟s theory (1987), the researcher concluded that there were three

reason of code-switching. Those reasons were to build good relation with the

target readers (GR), to express some words which did not have Indonesian term

(EW), and to quote someone‟s statements or expressions (QS). Then, the

development of the reason of code-switching was represented in table 4.11.

Table 4.11 Number of Reasons for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini’s novels

No Novel The Number of Cases

GR EW QS

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 41 101 8

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 32 1

In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were 41 cases of

code-switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers (GR). Besides, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had 36 cases of

code-switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers (GR). It meant that during 11 years the code-switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers (GR) cases decreased up to five cases.

The second was the code-switching‟s reason for expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term (EW). The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more cases of it than the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The

Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had 101 cases of code-switching‟s reasons for

expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term (EW), while the

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had 32 cases. From the result, it

could be seen that code-switching‟s reasons for expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term (EW) in those novels decreased up to 69 cases during 11

40

The last reason for using code-switching was to quote someone‟s statements or expressions (QS). In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were eight cases of it. On the other hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had one case of code-switching‟s reasons for quoting someone‟s statements or expressions (QS). It means that code-switching‟s reasons for quoting

someone‟s statements or expressions (QS) in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the

Memory Series novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke

Semarang, decreased and was almost lost during 11 years.

D.Other Findings

The researcher found that there were other minor findings in this

research. These findings were found when the researcher listed the code-switching

cases found in both novels, the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel and the Pondok

Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The first finding discovered by the researcher

was that there was code-switching case that seemed awkward in Nh. Dini‟s novel. That case was shown in the sentence “Pendapatan event-event seperti itu masuk

kas kelompok Rotary organisator.” (Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 57). The researcher thought that the repetition of the use „event‟ in that case was awkward because in English there was no event-event. If someone wanted to

express that there was more than one event (plural) in English, he or she should

use events not event-event. The phrase event-event in Nh. Dini‟s Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang novel was seemed to be mixed with Indonesia style in

English words had been absorbed into the Indonesian language. The way to prove

and check it was by using Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Every English word which could be looked up in that dictionary meant that it has been absorbed into

the Indonesian language. The examples of the borrowing words were the word

42

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is aimed to conclude the final results and some

recommendations from the whole research. The final results were the answer of

the research problem, namely 1) What are the types of code-switching found in

Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? 2) What are the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya

Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang? The recommendations were

intended for those who wish to conduct research on the same issue.

A. Conclusions

After examining the whole data, the researcher concluded two main

points. The first is about the types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun

Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The second is about

the reasons for using code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and

Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

Dealing with the types of code-switching, the researcher found that there

were five types of code-switching found in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory

Series Novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.

They were single-word switching, phrase switching, clause

code-switching, sentence code-switching and integrated loanwords code-switching.

melaksanakan program beasiswa bagi anak-anak Sekolah Menengah Atas dan tingkatan lanjutannya, dikirim ke negara lain, atau sebaliknya, mengundang siswa luar mengikuti cara hidup keluarga dan sekolah setempat. Ini dinamakan student exchange.”

19. “Rapat atau pertemuan setiap kelompok diselenggarakan 1 kali dalam sepekan. Itu dinamakan make-up.”

√ 76

20. “Keteraturan jumlah anggota yang hadir atau make-up dijadikan salah satu ukuran atau

„lomba‟ tingkat kedisiplinan.” √ 76

21. “Untuk pindahan terakhir itu, aku menyewa kendaraan Colt L-300 yang lumayan murah karena tanpa AC.”

√ 78

22. “Di masa itu perkataan fitness mulai dikenal

secara umum.” √ 84

23. “… yang mau atau sanggup berbicara diberi waktu 5 menit. Istilahnya adalah five minutes talk dan pembicara tidak perlu maju ke

depan.”

√ 91

24. “Istilah drop-out mulai popular pada masa itu, yang kemudian diterjemahkan dengan

kata-kata „putus sekolah‟. √ 94

25. “Maka pada waktu itulah aku melaksanakan

yang kusebut „kunjungan dari pintu ke pintu‟.

Ialah istilah yang kuambil dari bahasa Inggris door to door guna mengetahui apa yang menyebabkan beberapa anggota berhenti

membaca di tempatku.”

√ 94

26. “Mebel untuk PB terbuat dari teak block, berteknik bongkar pasang, bentuknya modern

serta praktis menuruti desainku sendiri.” √ 97

27. “Makan siang terdiri dari berbagai jenis sandwich kecil, makanan panggangan hasil olahan para dosen, selada sayur dan

buah-buahan.”

√ 112

28. “Kami langsung menuju ke sebuah conference centre yang sudah disewa oleh Panitia, lengkap dengan penginapan dan

fasilitasnya.”

√ 112

29. “Pada saat pengarang yang diundang harus pulang ke negerinya, di bandara dia dikenakan tagihan biaya excess baggage yang

juga tidak sedikit.”

√ 117

90

disertakan pula voucher untuk kelebihan

bagasi.”

31. “Di sana biar disuguhi snack

mengenyangkan.” √ 121

32. “I don’t have any shower, so you have to pour the water directly from the small bucket to your body.” kataku.

√ 123 33. “Kanada terletak di bagian utara Benua

Amerika, sebuah Negara yang termasuk dalam kelompok Persemakmuran Inggris atau Commonwealth.”

√ 133

34. “Pada umumnya, Pemerintah di negara -negara yang telah berkembang secara berkala menyelenggarakan test atau yang disebut

„ujian negara‟ bagi para tukang dan pengrajin.”

√ 133

35. “Jika kelak ingin menjadi Chef, dia bisa

mengikuti ujian negara.” √ 135

36. “Istilah jet lag diterapkan bagi orang-orang

yang mengalami gangguan adaptasi waktu.” √ 136 37. “Jessie menjadi karyawan ahli di sebuah

yayasan sosial, menangani pendidikan anak-anak bermasalah atau yang di sana disebut troubled children.”

√ 136

38. “Kutawarkan minuman hangat dari Indonesia,

terbuat dari gingeratau jahe.” √ 140

39. “Kusebutkan kata ginger karena kuanggap polisi-polisi itu tentulah mengenal ginger ale,

ialah minuman ringan Amerika.” √ 140

40. “Kanada terkenal dengan seni jahit sambung

-menyambung yang disebut patchwork.” √ 142

41. “Yang paling mahal adalah selimut atau penutup tempat tidur patchwork yang diisi dengan bulu halus unggas liar bernama eider.”

√

142 42. “Ditambah jika bulu-bulu tersebut

dimasukkan di dalam rangkapan selimut hasil seni jahit sambung-menyambung atau patchwork yang harmonis, maka nilainya

bertambah melambung ke langit!”

√ 143

43. “Patchwork juga bisa diberi pigura, berfungsi

sebagai hiasan dinding seperti lukisan.” √ 143

44. “Berpenduduk kurang lebih 300.000, kota Windsor kaya dengan berbagai restoran kecil, sedang, atau bertaraf lux.”

√ 143

terdapat minyak bumi, namun tenaga air dan batu bara merupakan sumber energi non-petrolyang dimanfaatkan secara maksimum.” 46. “Dinding rumah bagian luar dicat ungu muda,

sedangkan jendela-jendela diwarnai pink.” √ 147 47. “Terutama ialah ikan tuna sebagai pengisi roti

dan kacang polong untuk sup serta beberapa jenis buah yang dikemas sudah setengah kering, misalnya apricot, figue atau ara, dan prune.”

√ 150

48. “Untuk membeli keju Belanda seperti edam atau gouda, orang harus pergi ke toko di hotel-hotel mewah.”

√ 150

49. “Kata Jessie, aku tidak pantas dipanggil

Grandma, Méméé, atau Nenek.” √ 153

50. “Setelah dicucikan di dry-cleaning, itu bisa

dipakai Yatin atau Mak Sop.” √ 170

51. “Pak Suman kupersilakan tidur di mezzanine, ialah lantai 2 yang dibangun sepertiga

keluasan PB, tergantung bagaikan balkon.” √ 178

52. “Kunyalakan standby light atau lampu darurat

hadiah dari teman-teman Rotary.” √ 179

53. “Ruang makan yang biasa disebut patio, pemisah antara bagian rumah bagian timur yaitu kelompok garasi, dapur, kamar

pembantu, …”

√ 180

54. “Yang pertama adalah dari Perusahaan Jamu Jago, berupa kendaraan pick-up penuh

kardus.” √ 183

55. ”Pick-up Jamu Jago bisa membantu hingga 3

kali ulang-alik.” √ 185

56. “Sewaktu bertemu kembali dengan Mbak Tjik, aku diberitahu bahwa adik iparnya mempunyai bisnis real estate, ialah usaha

dalam bangunan.”

√ 193

57. “Aku kirim ke rekening PB sebagai back up,

cadangan kalau-kalau kurang.” √ 201

58. “Bersama Rotarien-Rotarien Meinita, Edith, Tri, aku mengikuti pertemuan antar District di

Surabaya.” √ 203

59. “Karena club kami Kunthi yang terdiri dari

„hanya kaum perempuan‟ dianggap baru, aku

sebagai pengarang dan anggota, …” √ 203

60. “Dalam pidato singkat yang secara internasional disebut five minutes talk itu kujelaskan bahwa kami, wanita-wanita yang

92

tergabung dalam Kunthi …”

61. “Kukatakan dengan tersenyum-senyum, dengan nama suami magic, gabungan antara nama Wakil Presiden dan Presiden sekaligus,

…”

√ 222

62. “Aku juga mencicipi masakan omelette a la nature, atau telur dadar burung onta alami, hanya ditambah merica dan garam di piring masing-masing.”

√ 230

63. “…, baju paling luar adalah cardigan, jenis rajutan seperti pullover tapi di depan terbuka,

memakai kancing, sehingga mudah dilepas.” √ 243

64. “…, baju paling luar adalah cardigan, jenis rajutan seperti pullover tapi di depan terbuka,

memakai kancing, sehingga mudah dilepas.”

√ 243

65. “Di dalam pesawat luar negeri AC-nya

kencang sekali!” √ 243

66. “Saya biasa udara ber-AC.” √ 243 67. “Aku sendiri santai, karena dalam perjalanan

dengan pesawat terbang, selain megenakan camisole, ialah kaos singlet wanita bikinan Prancis yang menahan kehangatan tubuhku

sendiri, …”

√ 243

68. “Ini hanya jaket tipis, tapi dari bahan

parachuteasli.” √ 244

69. “Sekalian alat pencetaknya atau yang lebih

sering disebut printer.” √ 248

93

Table C.1 The Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching Cases

in Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

No Novel The Number of Cases

SW PH SN CL IL DG

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 116 31 7 1 2 -

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 37 1 - - -

Appendix 8: Table of the Summarized Data of the Types of Code-Switching Cases

94

Table A.6 The Summarized Data of the Reasons for Using Code-Switching in

Nh. Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang

No Novel The Number of Cases GR EW QS

1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko 41 101 8

2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36 37 1

Appendix 9: Table of the Summarized Data of the Reasons for Using Code-Switching