Listening as Comprehension Listening as Acquisition

12 towards the text to drive meaning from interpret the message.” Van Duzer; Buck in Claudie, 2006:9. Top-down listening, then, infers meaning from contextual clauses and from making links between the spoken message and various types of prior knowledge which listeners hold inside their heads.” Hedge, 2003:232. Top-down techniques are more concerned with the activation of schemata, with deriving meaning, with global understanding, and with the interpretation of a text.” Brown, 2001:260. It is the opposite of the bottom-up model. The bottom-up model is the learners start from their background knowledge, either general information based on the previous learning and life experience content schemata or awareness of the kinds of information used in a given situation textual schemata. For example, the language in public places such as hospital, office or airport is different from the language that people use in socializing with their friends. 3 Interactive processing According to Nunan in Claudie 2006:9, this model suggests that, in comprehending a discourse, they use information from more than one level simultaneously, meaning that listening comprehension process does not necessarily start with bottom-up process to the top-to-bottom one or vice versa but it happens at once. Comprehension is indeed an interactive process. 13 Based on the descriptions above, there are the three models of listening learning process. They are bottom-up, top-down and interactive processing. Each model has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Teachers have to be selective in deciding which model would best fit their needs and appropriate to their students.

3. Theories of Song

The song is a familiar thing and popular in society not only in general society but also in an education society. Most people like songs because they can make the feeling happy and could tell their aspiration. Grifee 2001: 10, song is part of music that you sing through words. It is closely related to speaking, because speaking is an action of having a communication with others using oral language. Oral language can be defined simply just an activity which is combining the words together into something understandable.

a. The advantages and disadvantages of using songs in EFL classroom 1

The advantages of using songs The advantages of teaching English through songs are easy to identify and to know the aspects of a society lifestyle. Everett in Romadhon, 2005:16. According to Murphey in Chung 1994:111-112, the selected advantages of using songs are as follows. a The most important thing is that music gives lots of fun and variety to students in the classroom.