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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents and discusses the theories about writing, descriptive text, and mind mapping technique that are based on the experts in their each areas.
A. Writing
1. Concept of writing
According Charles and Ronald, Communicating is one of humankind’s
most characteristic acts, and writing is one of the most widespread and potentially one of the most effective means of communication
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. Barbara Fassler said. ―Writing is a useful tool for discovering and thinking. Leaping from computer to
computer, or passing from one person. ‖
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Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper said,
―Writing is a complex process and such contain element of mastery and surprise. But we know and believe that writing is a skill that anyone can learn to
manage.‖
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According to Langan, writing is a skill, like driving, typing, or cooking, and like any skill, it can be learned.
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Then Barnet and Stubb’s define ―Writing as a physical acts, to be performed fully, to bring pleasure, to both performer and audience, it requires
practice.
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Ken Hyland defines writing as a way of sharing personal meanings, writing courses emphasize the power of the individual to construct her or his own
views on a topic.
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Paula Iley gives definition of writing more detail, she stated that writing is a process in making decision at all levels, whether it is ideas, facts that
include in it; how it is organized, then how to sequence them as a words; what
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Bridges, Charles W, Writing:Discovering form and meaning, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 1984, p. 5.
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Walvrood, Barbara Fassler, Writing: Strategies for all disciplines, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1985, p. 1.
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Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, The St Martin’s Guide to writing, New York:
St. Martin’s press, 1985, p. 3.
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Langan, John, English Skill Eight Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, p. 13.
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Barnet and Stubbs’s, Practical Guide to writing 4
th
edition, Canada; Brown Company, 1983, p. 3.
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Ken Hyland, Second Language Writing, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 9.
punctuation and vocabulary to use, etc.
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. Based on her opinion, writing is a kind of problem-solving rather than writing from dictation or pure copying of someone
else’s text. We can conclude that writing is part of communication, which can learn by anyone, writing also an important form of communication in day to any
life. When we write something, we have to consider many aspects because
writing is a complex skill, for examples; grammar, vocabulary, mechanic, fluency and form. According to Heaton, there are several components or main areas in
writing: a.
Language use means the ability to write correct and appropriate sentences
b. Mechanical skill means the ability to use correctly those conventions
peculiar to the written language, for example, punctuation, spelling, etc.
c. Treatment of content means the ability to think creatively and develop
thoughts, excluding all irrelevant information. d.
Stylistic skill means the ability to manipulate sentences and paragraphs, and use language effectively
e. Judgment skill means the ability to write in appropriate manner for a
particular purpose with a particular audience in mind, together with an ability to select, organize, and order relevant information.
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2. Process of Writing
Writing is a process of discovery, which involves a series of steps, and those steps are very often a zigzag journey
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. Sometime, someone who want to write anything waste their long time with their blank paper although they have sit
down for a long time because writing needs hard thinking to gaining ideas, organizing them, generating paragraph, and so on. According to Miller, four
stages will make the writing better and effective. They are planning, drafting, revising and editing.
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Paul Iley, Using Literacy to Develop Thinking Skills with Children Aged 7-11, London: David Fulton Publishers Ltd., 2005, p. 73.
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J.B Heaton, Writing English Lnaguage Tests. London: Longman, 1988. p. 135.
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Langan, John, English Skill Eight Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, p. 15.
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Robert Keith Miller, Motives for Writing Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006, p. 7.
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