3. Alternating Forms.
As the learner’s vocabulary and grammar grow, the use of archi-forms often gives way to the apparently fairly free alternation of various members of a
class with each other. Thus, we see for demonstratives: Those dog
This cats
g. Misordering
Misordering are characterized by the incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morphemes in an utterance. For example, in the utterance:
He is all the time late. all the time is misordered
4. How to Correct Errors
Ellis and Hubbard et al., gave practical advice and provided clear examples of how to identify and analyze learners’ errors. The initial step requires
the selection of a corpus of languange followed by the identification of errors. The errors are then classified. The next step, after giving a grammatical analysis of
each error, demands an explanation of different types of errors. Moreover, Gass and Selinker identified 6 steps followed in conducting an
error analysis: Collecting data, identifying errors, Classifying errors, Quantifying errors, Analyzing source of error, and Remediating for errors.
9
B. Adjective Clauses
1. The Definition Of Adjective Clauses
To know adjective clause is essential because in the English text book, magazines, newspaper, and the other frequently use the adjective clauses. There
are many experts who state the definition of adjective clause. As Wren and Martin said that adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a
predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.
10
On the other words, it is
9
Heidi Dullay, Langua ge…, pp. 150 -163.
10
Wren and Martin, High school…, p. 264.
also called relative clause. As Evelyn P. Altenberg and Robert M. Vago said that a relative clause adjective clause is a kind of dependent clause; it provides
additional information about a noun phrase in the main clause.
11
In addition, Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum said that a relative clause is a special
kind of subordinate clause whose primary function is as modifier to a noun or nominal.
12
Adjective clauses, like adjectives, are used to describe a noun. As George
E Wishon stated that an adjective clause is a dependent clause used as an adjective; it modifies a noun or a pronoun. These clauses are introduced by two
different kinds of words which always occur just after the noun that the clause modifies.
13
From the definitions explained by the expert above, the writer can take summary that adjective clauses are a group of words that function for explaining a
noun or pronoun preceded either describing or giving information whose position is as a subject, object and possessive.
According to S.H Burton, adjective clauses have their own subject and predicate, but their function is to qualify a noun, pronoun or noun equivalent in
another clause.
14
Similarly, the adjective clause is also called relative clause used to form one sentence from two separate sentences. The relative pronoun replaces
one of two identical noun phrases and relates the clauses to each other.
15
We use relative pronouns to join two statements that refer to the person or thing.
Commonly, the relative pronouns that refer to person or thing are who, whom, which, that,
and whose. For examples:
- I don’t like people who lose their tempers easily.
11
Evelyn P. Altenberg and Robert M.Vago, English Grammar, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 121.
12
Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar,
USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 183.
13
George E. Wishon and Julia M. Burks, Let’s Write…, p. 165.
14
Burton, Mastering English…, p. 94.
15
Danny R. Cryssco, English Grammar Practice for TOEFL Preparation Test, Jakarta: Puspa Swara, 2002, 4
th
Ed., p. 174.
- Mexico City, which has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest
growing city in the world.
16
From definitions above, the writer concludes that adjective clause is a clause which modifies or describes noun or pronoun as antecedent that uses
relative pronouns or relative adverbs as subordinator conjugation describing people and thing whose position as subject, object, and possessive.
2. The Types of Adjective Clauses
There are two types of adjective clauses; They are restrictive and non restrictive clauses. As Homer C. House and Susan Emolyn Harman said that
adjective clauses, when analyzed as to the particular way in which they modify nouns and pronouns, may be classed as restrictive and nonrestrictive. Thus there
are the distinguish between them as follows: a.
Restrictive Clauses They have the function to limit or identify. As Robert M. Gorrell and
Chalton Laird said that when modifiers limit closely, especially when they supply the information that identifies or distinguishes subject or complement, they are
called restrictive.
17
Restrictive clauses help identify or define the noun phrases which they modify.
18
For instance, ―the Professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent
lecturer .” No commas are used. The adjective clause is necessary to identify
which professor is meant. Therefore, when the antecedent is limited by the adjective clause to some
of class, the restrictive clauses do not use commas. For example, the children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The
others played a different game. The lack of commas means that only some of the
16
Michael Swam, Practical English…, p. 525.
17
Robert M. Gorrell and Chalton Laird, Modern English Handbook, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice- Hall, Inc., 1964, 3
rd
Ed., p. 477.
18
Robert Krohn and the staff of the English language institute. English Sentence Structure, USA: The University of Michigan Press, 1992, p. 185.
children wanted to play soccer. The adjective clause is used to identify which children ran to the open field.
19
b. Nonrestrictive Clauses
Nonrestrictive clauses, on the other hand, called additive or appositive relative clauses. It set off by commas in writing and by pauses in speaking.
20
It also called Non-defining relative clauses functioning like noun. As Thomson and
Martinet said that non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already. They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something
to it by giving some more information about it. Unlike defining relative clauses, they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing
confusion. Also unlike defining relatives, they are separated from their noun by commas. The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining relative clause. The
construction is fairly formal and more common in written than in spoken English.
21
The function of nonrestrictive clauses does not limit or identify. they do not affect the intention, nor restrict the number of the nouns or pronouns they
modify.
22
A nonrestrictive clause contains additional information which is not required to give the meaning of the sentence. A nonrestrictive clause is set off
from the other clause by commas and a restrictive clause is not. Who, whom, and which
can be used in restrictive or nonrestrictive clauses. That can be used only in restrictive clauses.
Normally, that is the preferred word to use in a restrictive clause, although which is acceptable.
23
According to Michael Swam, non- identifying expressions are often separated from the rest of the sentence by pauses
or intonation-changes in speech, and by commas in writing as in the last two examples above. In writing, non-identifying relative clauses are always separated
19
Betty Scramper Azar, Understanding and…, p. 250.
20
Robert Krohn and the staff of the English language institute. English Sentence..., p. 185.
21
A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University press, 1986, Fourth Ed., p. 85.
22
Homer C. House and Susan Emolyn Harman, Descriptive English…, p. 363.
23
Danny R. Cryssco, English Grammar…, p. 177.
