Introduction Non Performative Statement Data 03 K Disc 1 IF D-Ref T-C

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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

This chapter is the most important part of the research since it contains the result of the research. By the result of the data analysis, the problem statements in Chapter I will be answered. To make it systematic, this chapter is divided into three subchapters namely: Introduction, Analysis and Discussion. The first subchapter provides the outline of how the research findings will be conducted. The second subchapter analyzes each datum based on the theories of SPEAKING and refusal. The third subchapter, discussion, is the general interpretation of all the data. The objectives of this research are to find out the kinds of refusal expressions used by the characters in the film entitled Knowing, to know how each type of refusal is expressed by the characters in the film entitled Knowing and to find out why each type of refusal is employed by the characters in the film entitled Knowing.

B. Analysis 1. Types of refusal expressions in the film entitled

Knowing From 22 data containing kinds of refusal expression, the researcher found that there are three types of refusal expressions; namely direct refusal, indirect refusal, 31 commit to user 32 and adjuncts to refusal. a. Direct Refusal: 6 data, they are Non Performative Statement : 6 data b. Indirect Refusal: 13 data, they are divided into Excuse reason explanation : 7 data Physical departure : 1 data Silence : 2 data Topic switch : 1 data Postponement : 1 data Hedging : 1 data c. Adjuncts to Refusal: 3 data, they are Gratitude appreciation : 3 data

2. The ways in expressing refusal expressions

In this present research, the 22 data are classified based on Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz classification of refusal, there are three main types of refusal namely: Direct Refusal, Indirect Refusal, and Adjuncts to Refusal. Below are the ways in expressing refusal expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled Knowing that clarify Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss- Weltz’s refusal classification. commit to user 33 DIRECT REFUSAL Direct refusal is a kind of refusal which is used to refuse request, demand, command, offer, invitation, or suggestion directly. In this kind of refusal, the speaker does not use a reason in rejecting something. It is signaled by the use of denying vocabulary, such as I refuse, no or statements showing unwillingness or inability. These are the direct refusal applied by the characters in the film entitled Knowing:

A. Non Performative Statement Data 03 K Disc 1 IF D-Ref T-C

 The participants of the dialogue below are Ted and Caleb. Ted as father and Caleb as son. They have a close relationship. This conversation runs in non formal situation. It happens in the backyard when Caleb and Ted see planets through the telescope. In that moment Ted orders Caleb to eat the hot dogs, but suddenly without saying any reason Caleb refuses it and Ted shocks. The genre of this dialogue is daily conversation. Ted : Where are you going? Caleb : To watch that Discovery program. Ted : But its Dads famous Sunday night Hot dogs on the run... time Caleb : I cant consume that commit to user 34 Ive decided to become a vegetarian Ted : Well, when were you planning on telling the guy who buys the groceries around here? Caleb : Are you deaf ? I just told you now, Dad. Data Interpretation From the conversation above we can see that Caleb uses the direct refusal. The direct refusal can be seen in the form of non performative statement by saying I cant consume that. In this context of situation, Caleb intends to use direct refusal because he wants to make clear refusal, since he is bored with the activity of seeing planet which means nothing for him. Then, it is followed with the indirect refusal namely giving excuse reason explanation by saying Ive decided to become a vegetarian. Here, the reason of refusal after the direct refusal employed by Caleb has a function to emphasize the refusal message which explains that he does not want to consume hot dogs. Data 09 K Disc 1 IF D-Ref MT-T  The conversation below is conducted between Miss Taylor and Ted. Their relationship is distant. The conversation occurs in Miss Taylor’s house, in non formal situation. Topic of this conversation is Lucinda Embry. After reading the information in Lucinda’s letter, Ted goes to Miss Taylor’s house to get commit to user 35 information about Lucinda since Miss Taylor is the teacher who ever taught Lucinda. Then, after talking so long, Miss Taylor offers him a drink but Ted refuses it. The genre of this dialogue is daily conversation. Miss Taylor : Would you like some red tea? Ted : No. Thank you Data Interpretation In the conversation above, Ted employs direct refusal strategy namely non performative statements. It can be seen when Ted says No. Thank you for Miss Taylor’s offer. It is spoken directly so Miss Taylor can catch the message easily. In this context of situation, Ted intends to apply the direct refusal because he wants to make a clear refusal, so that Miss Taylor who is little bit senile can catch the message easily. Moreover, Ted prefers to express the refusal politely because Miss Taylor is older than him. By employing a polite refusal, Ted tries to achieve the goal in maintaining harmonious relationship with Miss Taylor. That is why, after saying “no” directly, Ted shows his appreciation by saying thank you for Miss Taylor’s offer. Data 16 K Disc 1 IF D-Ref T-D  The participants of the dialogue below are Ted and Diana. This conversation happens in the basement of a building and runs in non formal situation. They commit to user 36 are not close each other because this is the first time they meet. In this scene, Ted tries to get information about Lucinda by following Lucinda’s daughter, Diana. Here, Ted feels that Lucinda’s letter will mean bad for Caleb. That is why, after telling and asking about Lucinda’s ability of seeing the future, Ted asks Diana to help him and his son due to the Lucinda’s letter which has been received by Caleb. He tries hard in begging Diana’s help, but Diana refuses it. Since it is the first conversation, Diana feels uncomfortable with the topic of conversation about her Mom. Thus, she answers the question at a glance. The genre of dialogue is daily conversation. Ted : Diana, please catches up If I’m wrong about this…in seventy – two hours you’ll never have to hear from me again Ted : But I think this has something to do with my son. I don’t know how or why, but I think he’s in danger… so if you won’t do this for me, please do it for him… I’m asking you to help us Diana : I can’t Data Interpretation In datum above, Diana employs direct refusal namely non performative statements; negative willingness. It can be seen when she says I can ’t that means she commit to user 37 can not help him. Here, Diana intends to refuse Ted’s request because she does not believe all what Ted says about Lucinda’s ability in seeing the future. Moreover, their relationship is distant since they are strangers each other. That is why Diana prefers to employ direct refusal because it will not hurt the hearer’s feeling too deep. Besides, Diana employs direct refusal because she wants to make a clear refusal, so Ted can accept what she wants without any longer thinking. In this context of situation, Diana feels uncomfortable with the topic of discussion about her Mom. Thus, to cut the conversation, she applies the direct refusal for showing her inconvenience. Data 14 K Disc 1 IF D-Ref T-C  The conversation below is conducted between Ted, the father and Caleb, the son. The relationship between them is close. This conversation takes place in Ted’s house and runs in non formal situation. In this scene, Ted feels so terrible after facing the truth of Lu cinda’s letter on thee airplane accident. Thus, when Caleb asks what has happened, Ted goes to switch the topic by saying that he is going to bed. Next, Ted commands Caleb not to watch TV because he wants to hide the airplane accident which involves him. Caleb feels weird with that command, therefore he asks the reason. Moreover, Ted who refuses to discuss anything says No more questions Caleb for Caleb’s question. Genre of this dialogue is daily conversation. commit to user 38 Caleb : What happened Dad? What’s going on? Ted : The truck broke down on the freeway. Sorry I couldn’t pick you up Caleb : It is more than that isn’t it? Why won’t you tell me what’s going on? Ted : I’m going to bed. Get your homework done and you should go to bed, too. No TV tonight. Caleb : Why ? I always watch an hour before Ted : No more questions Caleb. Caleb : I can ask question when you tell me to do things that don’t make sense. Data Interpretation In the dialogue above, we can see that Ted is employing direct refusal namely non performative statements. It can be seen when he says No more questions Caleb. This sentence delivers a message that Ted prohibits Caleb to watch TV. In this context of situation, Ted prefers to use direct refusal because he wants to make a clear refusal, so Caleb can accept what he wants without any longer thinking. Moreover, the direct refusal is used to emphasize the refusal message of watching TV since Ted wants to hide the fact about the disaster which has happened. commit to user 39 Data 22 K Disc 2 IF D-Ref T-C  The participants of the dialogue below are Ted, the father and Caleb, the son. Their relationship is close. This conversation happens in front of Lucinda’s house and runs in non formal situation. After looking for Caleb, finally Ted finds him in front of Lucinda’s house. In this scene, Caleb tries to persuade Ted to go with him, but Ted refuses to go because he thinks that the tickets are only for two people, Caleb and Abby. In addition, Ted thinks that Caleb should decide itself because it is his future. The genre of this dialogue is daily conversation. Ted : Theyve chosen you, both of you You have to take care of Abby now. You have to be strong for her. Caleb : No. I dont want to go without you. They couldve taken you away from me Ted : But they didnt… because you have to make this decision yourself. Data Interpretation In datum above we can see that Caleb is using the direct refusal and indirect refusal. The direct refusal can be seen in the form of non performative statement by commit to user 40 saying No. In this context of situation, Caleb employs direct refusal because the conversation happens in the non formal situation between him and his father. Here, Caleb intends to use direct refusal because he wants to make clear refusal. Then, it is followed with the indirect refusal namely giving excuse reason explanation by saying I dont want to go without you. The use of indirect refusal in the form of giving reason after the direct refusal employed by Caleb has a function to emphasize the refusal message which explains that he does not want to go without Ted. Data 19 K Disc 2 IF D-Ref T-D  The participants of the dialogue below are Diana and Ted. The relationship between them is close. It takes place in Ted’s house. This conversation runs in emergency situation. In this scene, Ted tries to convince Diana that the right place to rescue is not the cave but the last place in which Lucinda pointed out in her letter. It can be seen when Ted answers Diana’s command by saying directly that they are not going to the caves. The genre of this dialogue is daily conversation. Diana : Ted? Ted What are you doing? We have to get to the caves Ted : We’re not going to the caves commit to user 41 Diana : What?? Ted : I was wrong Diana, your mother wrote a latitude and longitude for this event – it just wasn’t on the sheet Ted : She tried to write it down, but ran out of time – so she scratched it into this door instead She’s trying to tell us something – where we need to go Diana : Ted, you are making any sense Look at you Look at what you’re doing Data Interpretation In the dialogue above, Ted employs direct refusal expression namely non performative statements negative willingness ability. It can be seen when Ted answers Diana’s command by saying We’re not going to the caves. In this scene, Ted states that they are not going to the caves. He insists that they will not go to the cave because the right place to go is the place in Lucinda’s letter. In this context of situation, the direct refusal is preferred because the conversation happens in the emergency situation. Besides, Ted employs direct refusal because he wants to make a clear refusal, so Diana can accept what he wants without any longer thinking. INDIRECT REFUSAL Indirect refusal is a kind of refusal which is used to refuse request, demand, command, offer, invitation, or suggestion indirectly. In this kind of refusal, the commit to user 42 speaker does not use denying vocabulary in rejecting something. Below are the indirect refusal applied by the characters in the film entitled Knowing:

A. Excuse reason explanation Data 04 K Disc 1 IF I-Ref T-C