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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter gives information about the methodology in conducting the research. It involves research type, data and source of data, sample and sampling
technique, technique of collecting data, data coding and technique of analyzing data.
A. Research Type
This research is a descriptive qualitative research. It can be called descriptive because it wants to describe a linguistic phenomenon. Miles and Huberman 1992: 1
state that the data in qualitative research concerned appear in form of words rather than in form of numbers.
Furthermore, this research is qualitative because the data produced are in form of words and sentences. Sutopo 2006: 55 states that in qualitative method, data
were collected in the form of words, sentences or pictures having meaning rather than merely numbers.
B. Data and Source of Data
Arikunto states that a source of data is an object from which all the data of research are obtained 1998: 114. While, the data themselves may appear in the form
of discourse, sentences, clauses, phrases or words Subroto, 1992: 35.
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In conducting this research, the researcher employs the film entitled Knowing as the source of data. While the data are the dialogues in the film entitled Knowing
that contain refusal expressions.
C. Sample and Sampling Technique
In this research, the researcher uses a purposive sampling technique. According to Miles and Huberman 1992: 47 in qualitative method, samples tend to
be more purposive than random. Moreover Lincoln and Guba 1985: 40 claim that the sample of qualitative method was determined by the use of purposive sampling to
accommodate all possible data so that there will be no deviant cases. Sutopo 2006: 64 states that this kind of sampling is used for the data going
to be analyzed, which includes the entire phenomenon that fits with the criteria of the research. Thus, samples in this research are refusal expressions spoken by the
characters in the film entitled Knowing that fits with the criteria of Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz
’s refusal classification.
D. Technique of Collecting Data
The data of the research are collected by doing the following procedure: 1. Replaying the film entitled Knowing at least five times by using a set of computer.
2. Selecting the data containing refusal expressions. 3. Transcribing the selected data from the film into the form of dialogues.
4. Classifying the data based on Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss- Weltz’s classification.
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5. Giving a code to each datum.
E. Data Coding
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