commit to user 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Introduction
This part contains the related theories which are used in solving the three problem statements in chapter I. This recent research talks about strategy of
expressing refusal. Thus, sociopragmatics approach is needed for analyzing the data.
In addition, the theories of Sociolinguistics, Pragmatics, Sociopragmatics, Ethnography of Communication, Refusal, Social Dimensions, Related Research, and
Synopsis of the Film will guide the researcher to interpret and to describe the meaning of data.
B. Sociolinguistics 1. Definition of Sociolinguistics
Chaika 1994: 3 states that the study of the ways people use language in social interaction is called sociolinguistics. Moreover, Hudson claims that
sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society 1996: 4. Meanwhile, according to Holmes, sociolinguistics is concerned with the
relationship between language and the context in which it is used. It explains why people speak differently in different social contexts and it is concerned with
8
commit to user 9
identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning 1992: 1.
From all the definition above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics study which focuses on the relationship between language and
society that concerns on how language is used to identify social function and to convey social meaning.
2. Scope of Sociolinguistics
Wardhaugh claims that in studying a language, sociolinguistics has two approaches which are called micro-sociolinguistics and macro-sociolinguistics
analysis 1998: 12. Trudgill states that micro-sociolinguistics is the individual approach. It is a
term sometimes used to cover the study of face to face interaction, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, and other areas of sociolinguistics involving the study
relatively small groups of speakers 1992: 52. In other word, it can be said that micro-sociolinguistics studies the use of language involving small group of speakers.
For example, the use of slang words in Black community. Meanwhile macro-sociolinguistics can be called as the social approach. It
studies interactions on different large groups, including between states. According to Trudgill 1992: 51 macro-sociolinguistics is a term sometimes used to cover secular
linguistics, the sociology of language, and others areas involving large groups of
commit to user 10
speakers. It focuses on the society rather than individuals. For example the study of the use of English dialect in China.
This research studies the individual behavior toward language. Therefore, all of the theories used are under the scope of micro-sociolinguistics study since this
research only focuses on the refusal expressions employed by the characters in the film entitled Knowing.
C. Pragmatics
According to Yule, pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. By studying language via pragmatics, someone
can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purpose or goal, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak 1996: 4.
Meanwhile, Levinson 1983: 21 states that pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language
understanding. He also states that pragmatics is the study of the role of context which plays in speaker of utterance in meaning ibid: 24.
To sum up, pragmatics is a branch of linguistics study which studies the utterances meanings of the speaker based on the context of situation when the
utterances happen. Thus, pragmatics is considered as a study of linguistics meaning that related to context.
commit to user 11
D. Sociopragmatics
According to Trosborg 1995: 37, sociopragmatics is concerned with the analysis of significant patterns of interaction in particular social situations or in
particular social systems. It emphasizes on the interactive aspect and the acknowledgement of the social context in which a speech act becomes the basis of
sociopragmatics research ibid: 38. In short, it can be said that sociopragmatics is a combination study from
sociolinguistics and pragmatics which concerns on the analysis of significant patterns of interaction namely speech act.
E. Ethnography of Communication 1. Definition of ethnography of communication
Kategori