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4. Components of Speech
In studying at communication as composed of speech situations, speech events and speech acts, Hymes in Fasold 1996: 44-46 suggests that there are certain
components of speech that the ethnographer should look for. Hymes divides the components of speech into eights groups called SPEAKING, namely:
a. Situation
Situation is composed of setting and scene. The setting is about the physical circumstances of a communicative event, including the time and the place. The scene
is the psychological setting. It is kind of speech event taking place according to cultural definition as formal or informal, serious or joyful.
b. Participants
Participants are persons who are involved in a conversation. Participants consist of a An addresser, a speaker who produces the utterance. b An addressee, a
hearer who receives the utterance. c The audience, the over hearers may contribute to specification of the speech event. For example, father who orders his son to eat hot
dogs. Here, the participants are father and son. Father is the addresser who transmits the order and son is the addressee who receives the order.
c. Ends
Ends are the purposes of the speech event and the speech act. Ends can be divided into outcomes the purpose of the event from a cultural point of view and
goals the purpose of the individual participants. For example, in bargaining events, the overall outcome is to be the orderly exchange of something of value from one
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person to the other. The goal of the seller is to maximize the price while the goal of the buyer is to minimize it.
d. Act sequence
Act sequence consists of message form and content. Message form deals with how something is spoken by participants, whereas message content deals with what is
said or it is simply called a topic of a conversation. Act sequence relates on aesthetic and stylistic manner. For example, speakers should know how to formulate
appropriate speech in public lectures, casual conversation, or in cocktail party.
e. Keys
Keys refer to the tone, manner, intonation or spirit in which a speech act is carried out, for example whether it is serious, perfunctory or painstaking.
f. Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities include both channels and forms of speech. Channel simply means way message travels from one person to another, for example, oral, written, or
telegraphic. Hymes defines forms of speech as the actual forms of speech employed such as language, dialects, codes, varieties, and registers that is chosen.
e. Norms
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