24
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
As it was stated in the problem formulation, this research had three questions to be answered. They were 1 what are types of code-switching found in
Indonesian local newspapers? 2 What are the possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesian local newspapers? 3 What are the possible implications of code-
switching in Indonesian local newspapers towards English education teachinglearning in Indonesia? This chapter was finished to discuss the
implementation of research procedures to answer the research questions.
4.1 The Types of Code-switching
There were six types of code switching found in local newspapers, namely: diglossic code-switching, single word code-switching, phrase code-switching,
clause code-switching, whole sentence code-switching and integrated loanword code-switching. The writer provided the total numbers and five most frequents of
code switching from each type below. The data was supporting information to answer the first question in problem formulation.
25
4.1.1 Diglossic Code-switching
Code-switching number one was diglossic code-switching. Diglossic code- switching has the longest juxtaposed utterance than other code-switching. In local
newspapers, this kind of code-switching only appeared in advertisement category. The goal might be for getting attention from the readers. The final purpose was to
sell service or product to the consumers. The writer provided the total numbers diglossic code-switching in table 4.1 below.
Table 4.1: The Total Numbers of Diglossic Code-switching
Categories Newspapers
Advertisement Feature Fiction News Opinion
Bernas
- - -
- -
Harjo
- - -
- -
KR
3 - -
- -
4.1.1.1 Advertisement
There were only three items of diglossic code-switching found in Kedaulatan Rakyat
newspaper. The writer did not find it in other local newspapers. Even, there was no diglossic code-switching in other categories
except in advertisement.
Table 4.2: The Most Frequents Diglossic Code-switching in Advertisement
KR newspaper
No. Diglossic code-switching
Total
26
1 1. Urgently required
A wellknown multinational company has a vacancy for the position of
Product specialist Requirement
Male aged 28 years old Able to communicate in English
Having some years of experience in 1
Continued to page 26 Continued from page 25
sales Like travelling
Preferable the citizen of Yogyakarta Remuneration:
Basic salary Transport, meals, incentive
Please send your application within this week to.
4.1.2 Single Word Code-switching
Code-switching number two was single word code-switching. It is also called lexical borrowing. There were 4627 single word code-switching in Bernas,
3516 single word code-switching in Harjo and 3283 single word code-switching in KR. The total number of single word code-switching from those three local
newspapers was 11.426. The writer provided the total numbers of single word code-switching in table 4.3 below.
Table 4.3: The Total Numbers of Single Word Code-switching
Categories Newspapers
Advertisement Feature Fiction News Opinion
Bernas 3438 117
- 772
300 Harjo
1495 486 12
1039 484
KR 1856 98
2 915
412
27
4.1.2.1 Advertisement
There were 3438 single words code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 1495 single words code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and 1856 single
words code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total single words code- switching from those three local newspapers were 6789. Next, there were found
five most frequents single word code-switching from each of the local newspapers.
In fact, the word service was the most frequent single word code-switching with 191 total numbers. It was followed by word daily with 167 total numbers,
news with 138 total numbers, handphone with 137 total numbers and voucher
with 129 total numbers.
Table 4.4: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in Advertisement
Bernas newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Service
191 2 New
138 3 Handphone
137 4 Voucher
129 5 Second
128 Harjo
newspaper No. Single
word Total
1 Silver 86
2 New 55
3 Email 35
4 Live 32
5 Service 31
KR newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Daily
167 2 New
47 3 Service
26 4 Silver
20
28
5 Cash 19
4.1.2.2 Feature
There were 117 single words code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 486 single words code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and ninety-eight
single words code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total single words code- switching from those three local newspapers were 701. Next, there were found
five most frequents single word code-switching from Bernas newspaper or Harjo newspaper and four most frequents single word code-switching from KR
newspaper.
In fact, the words netbook was the most frequent single word code- switching with twenty total numbers. It was followed by word gadget with
fourteen total numbers, notebook with thirteen total numbers, franchisor with twelve total numbers and data or transfer with eleven total numbers.
Table 4.5: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in Feature
Bernas newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Transfer
11 2 Menu
10 3 Event
6 4 Non
5 5 Sunset
4 Harjo
newspaper No. Single
word Total
1 Netbook 20
2 Gadget 14
3 Notebook 13
4 Franchisor 12
5 Data 11
KR newspaper
No. Single Word
Total
29
1 Franchise 4
2 Game 3
3 Erase 2
4 Developer 1
4.1.2.3 Fiction
There were twelve single words code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and two single words code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total single
words code-switching from those three local newspapers were fourteen total numbers. Next, there were found three most frequents single word code-switching
from Harjo newspaper and one most frequent single word code-switching from KR
newspaper.
The words lady was the most frequent single word code-switching with eight total numbers. It was followed by words senior with two total numbers and
motto or plus with one total number.
Table 4.6: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in Fiction
Harjo newspaper No. Single
word Total
1 Lady 8
2 Senior 2
3 Plus 1
KR newspaper No. Single
word Total
1 Motto 1
4.1.2.4 News
There were 772 single words code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 1039 single words code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and 915 single
30
words code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total single words code- switching from those three local newspapers were 2726. Next, there were found
five most frequents single word code-switching from each of the local newspaper.
The words unit from KR newspaper was the most frequent single word code-switching with forty-eight total numbers. It was followed by words unit
from Bernas newspaper and Harjo newspaper with thirty-five total numbers,
global with thirty-three total numbers, plus with twenty-six total numbers and program from Harjo newspaper and KR newspaper with twenty-five total
numbers.
Table 4.7: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in News
Bernas newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Unit
35 2 Set
17 3 Program
15 4 Hotel
14 5 Reagent
13 Harjo
newspaper No. Single
word Total
1 Unit 35
2 Global 33
3 Program 25
4 Striker 21
5 Film 19
KR newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Unit
48 2 Plus
26 3 Program
25 4 Global
23 5 Workshop
22
4.1.2.5 Opinion
31
There were 300 single words code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 484 single words code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and 412 single words
code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total single words code-switching from those three local newspapers were 1196. Next, there were found five most
frequents single word code-switching from each of the local newspaper.
In fact, the word global was the most frequent single word code-switching with twenty-two total numbers. It was followed by word program with sixteen
total numbers, tower or global with fourteen total numbers, program with thirteen total numbers and bank with twelve total numbers.
Table 4.8: The Most Frequents Single Word Code-switching in Opinion
Bernas newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Event
11 2 Guide
8 3 Workshop
7 4 Image
5 5 Master
4 Harjo
newspaper No. Single
word Total
1 Global 22
2 Program 16
3 Tower 14
4 Bank 12
5 Event 11
KR newspaper
No. Single word
Total 1 Global
14 2 Program
13 3 Event
10 4 Internal
9 5 Elite
8
32
4.1.3 Phrase Code-switching
The third type of code-switching was phrase code-switching. It mostly occurred in advertisement category with 1509 total numbers. There were 2113
occurrences in Bernas, 2170 occurrences in Harjo and 2182 occurrences in KR. The total number of phrase code-switching in those three local newspapers was
6465 code-switching.
Table 4.9: The Total Numbers of Phrase Code-switching
Categories Newspapers
Advertisement Feature Fiction News Opinion
Bernas 1509 71
- 369
164 Harjo
1033 315 9
562 251
KR 1318 40
1 558
265
4.1.3.1 Advertisement
There were 1509 phrases code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 1033 phrases code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and 1318 phrases code-
switching found in KR newspaper. The total phrases code-switching from those three local newspapers were 3860. Next, there were found five most frequents
phrase code-switching from each of the local newspapers. In fact, phrase code-
switching headline news was the most frequent phrase code-switching with 141 total numbers. It was followed by phrase code-switching spare part with forty-
nine total numbers, all type with thirty-four total numbers, all new with thirty-two total numbers and tune up with thirty-one total numbers.
Table 4.10: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Advertisement
33
Bernas newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Spare part
49 2 All
type 34
3 Tune up
31 4 Hotline
27 5 Sport
center 26
Harjo newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Headline news
141 2 All
new 32
3 Live news
22 4 Magnet
game 18
5 Ready stock
14 KR
newspaper No. Phrase
Total 1 All
new 21
2 Car rental
14 3 Hotline
13 4 Folding
gate 11
5 Contact person
10
4.1.3.2 Feature
There were seventy-one phrases code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 315 phrases code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and forty
phrases code-switching found in KR. The total phrases code-switching from those three local newspapers were 426. Next, there were found five most frequents
phrase code-switching from Harjo newspaper, four most frequents phrase code- switching from Bernas newspaper and three most frequents phrase code-switching
from KR newspaper.
In fact, phrase code-switching cowmad was the most frequent phrase code-
switching with fourteen total numbers. It was followed by phrase code-switching
cyber-shot with ten total numbers, web hosting with seven total numbers, law of
34
attraction with six total numbers and building operate, hard drive, grand master
with four total numbers.
Table 4.11: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Feature
Bernas newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Build operate
4 2 Beef
stock 3
3 Paper cup
2 4
Birthday event 1
Harjo newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Cowmad 14
2 Cyber-shot 10
3 Web hosting
7 4
Law of attraction 6
5 Hard drive
4
Continued to page 34
Continued from page 33
KR newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Grand master
4 2 Reflex
time 2
3 Sound design
1
4.1.3.3 Fiction
There were nine phrases code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and one phrase code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total phrases code-
switching from those three local newspapers were ten. Next, there were found two most frequents phrase code-switching from Harjo newspaper and one most
frequent phrase code-switching from KR newspaper. Phrase code-switching push up was the most frequent phrase code-switching with six total numbers. It was
35
followed by phrase code-switching debt collectors and cleaning service with one
total numbers.
Table 4.12: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Fiction
Harjo newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Push up
6 2 Debt
collector 1
KR newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Cleaning service
1
4.1.3.4 News
There were 369 phrases code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 562 phrases code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and 558 phrases code-
switching found in KR newspaper. The total phrases code-switching from those three local newspapers were 1489. Next, there were found five most frequents
phrase code-switching from each of the local newspaper.
In fact, phrase code-switching suspect flu and safety riding were the most
frequent phrase code-switching with nine total numbers. It was followed by
phrase code-switching valentine’s day with eight total numbers, all star with seven total numbers, valentine day or mobile wallet with six total numbers and
talk show with five total numbers.
Table 4.13: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in News
Bernas newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Mobile wallet
6 2 Talk
show 5
3 Fashion show
4
36
4 Runner up
3 5 Body
painting 2
Harjo newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Suspect flu
9 2 Valentine’s
day 8
3 All star
7 4 Slam
dunk 5
5 Parents education
4 KR
newspaper No. Phrase
Total 1 Safety
riding 9
2 Valentine day
6 3 Career
days 4
4 Speech contest
3 5 Fun
games 2
4.1.3.5 Opinion
There were 164 phrases code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, 251 phrases code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and 265 phrases code-
switching found in KR newspaper. The total phrases code-switching from those three local newspapers were 680. Next, there were found five most frequents
phrase code-switching from Bernas newspaper or KR newspaper and four most frequents phrase code-switching in Harjo newspaper.
In fact, phrase code-switching all England was the most frequent phrase
code-switching with eight total numbers. It was followed by phrase code-
37
switching money politics with five total numbers, fresh graduate, head of corporate communication, sand stone with four total numbers, dream girls, study
tour, smart power with three total numbers and pilot project, call center, long line with two total numbers.
Table 4.14: The Most Frequents Phrase Code-switching in Opinion
Bernas newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 All England
8 2 Fresh
graduate 4
3 Dream girls
3 4 Pilot
project 2
5 Public figure
1 Harjo
newspaper No. Phrase
Total 1
Head of corporate communication 4
2 Study tour
3 3 Call
center 2
4 Added value
1
Continued to page 37
Continued from page 36
KR newspaper
No. Phrase Total
1 Money politics
5 2 Sand
stone 4
3 Smart power
3 4 Long
line 2
5 Off air
1
4.1.4 Clause Code-switching
The next type of code-switching from the whole data was clause code- switching. Clause code-switching could be dependent and independent clause.
38
There were fifty-three clauses code-switching in Bernas, thirty-two clauses code- switching in Harjo and sixty-seven clauses code-switching in KR. The total
number of clause code-switching in those three local newspapers was 152 code- clauses switching. The writer provided table 4.15 to present the number of clause
code-switching in every category.
Table 4.15: The Total Numbers of Clause Code-switching
Categories Newspapers
Advertisement Feature Fiction News Opinion
Bernas 40 4
- 6
3 Harjo
14 2 -
8 8
KR 40 1
- 20
6
4.1.4.1 Advertisement
There were forty clauses code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, fourteen clauses code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and forty clauses
code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total clauses code-switching from those three local newspapers were ninety-four. Next, there were found five most
frequents clause code-switching from Bernas newspaper, four most frequents clause code-switching in KR newspaper and three most frequents in Harjo
newspaper.
Clause code-switching call me was the most frequent clause with eight total numbers. It was followed by clause code-switching never compromise with
seven total numbers, directed by, I love with five total numbers, set film and shooting start present, service hardware with four total numbers and service all
damage, supported by with three total numbers.
39
Table 4.16: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in Advertisement
Bernas newspaper
No. Clause Total
1 …Call me…
8 2 …Never
compromise… 7
3 …Directed by…
5 4
…Set film and shooting star present… 4
5 …Service all
damage… 3
Harjo newspaper
No. Clause Total
1 …Service hardware…
4 2
…Service special book… 2
3 …Things to try before die…
1 KR
newspaper No. Clause
Total 1 …I
love… 5
2 …Supported by…
3 3 …Join
us… 2
4 …Gone wrong…
1
4.1.4.2 Feature
There were four clauses code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, two clauses code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and one clause code-switching
found in KR newspaper. The total clauses code-switching from those three local newspapers were seven. Next, there were found two most frequents clause code-
switching from Bernas newspaper and one most frequent clause code-switching from KR newspaper or Harjo newspaper.
Clause code-switching go international was the most frequent clause with three total numbers. It was followed by clause code-switching comes with music
with two total numbers and I wanna make my dream come true, making love
with one total number.
Table 4.17: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in Feature
40
Bernas newspaper
No. Clause Total
1 …Go international…
3 2
…I wanna make my dream come true… 1
Harjo newspaper
No. Clause Total
1 …Comes with music…
2 KR
newspaper No. Clause
Total 1 …Making
love… 1
4.1.4.3 News
There were six clauses code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, eight clauses code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and twenty clauses code-
switching found in KR newspaper. The total clauses code-switching from those three local newspapers were thirty-four.
Next, there were found two most frequents clause code-switching from Harjo
newspaper or KR newspaper and one most frequent clause code-switching
from Bernas newspaper. Clause code-switching I’m in love, Britama goes to mall Bank BRI were the most frequent clause code-switching with two total numbers.
It was followed by clause code-switching hi, how are you, meet to hare, save nature with one total number.
Table 4.18: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in News
Bernas newspaper
No. Clause Total
1 …Hi, how are you…
1 Harjo
newspaper No. Clause
Total 1
…I’m in love… 2
2 …Meet to
hare… 1
KR newspaper
No. Clause Total
41
1 …BRITAMA goes to mall bank BRI…
2 2 …Save
nature… 1
4.1.4.4 Opinion
There were three clauses code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, eight clauses code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and six clauses code-switching
found in KR newspaper. The total clauses code-switching from those three local newspapers were seventeen.
Next, there were found two most frequents clause code-switching from Harjo
newspaper and one most frequent clause code-switching from Bernas
newspaper and KR newspaper. Clause code-switching I’m in love was the most
frequent clause code-switching with two total numbers. It was followed by clause
code-switching to inform, take over, it’s beautiful with one total number.
Table 4.19: The Most Frequents Clause Code-switching in Opinion
Bernas newspaper
No. Clause Total
1 …To inform…
1 Harjo
newspaper No. Clause
Total 1
…I’m in love… 2
2 …Take over…
1 KR
newspaper No. Clause
Total 1 …It’s
beautiful… 1
4.1.5 Whole Sentence Code-switching
42
The next type of code-switching was whole sentence code-switching. A sentence can be a statement, question or command. There were seventy-four
whole sentences code-switching in Bernas, forty-one whole sentences code- switching in Harjo and twenty-five whole sentences code-switching in KR. The
total number of whole sentence code-switching from those three local newspapers was 140 whole sentences code-switching. The writer provided table 4.20 to
present the total number of whole sentence code-switching in every category.
Table 4.20: The Total Numbers of Whole Sentence Code-switching
Categories Newspapers
Advertisement Feature Fiction News Opinion
Bernas 73 -
- 1
- Harjo
29 1 -
5 6
KR 21 -
- 2
2
4.1.5.1 Advertisement
There were seventy-three whole sentences code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, twenty-nine whole sentences code-switching found in Harjo
newspaper and twenty-one whole sentences code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total whole sentences code-switching from those three local
newspapers were 123. Next, there were found five most frequents whole sentence code-switching from Bernas newspaper or Harjo newspaper and two most
frequents whole sentence code-switching from KR newspaper.
The example of whole sentence code-switching “Excellence will be tolerated.” was the most frequent whole sentence code-switching with sixteen
total numbers. It was followed by whole sentence code-switching “Perfection is
43
our goal.” with thirteen total numbers, “You deserve the best at”, ”Perfection is our goal.” from Harjo newspaper with seven total numbers, “It’s okay.”,
”Excellence will be tolerated.” from Harjo newspaper with six total numbers and
“Escape is the only option.” , ”Be silence be cool.”, ”The all fun you can get.”
with two total numbers.
Table 4.21: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching in Advertisement
Bernas newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
Excellence will be tolerated. 16
2 Perfection is our goal.
13 3
You deserve the best at. 7
4 It’s okay.
6 5
Escape is the only option. 2
Harjo newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
Perfection is our goal. 7
2 Excellence will be tolerated.
6 3
You deserve the best at… 3
4 Be silence…be cool…
2 5
I can see clearly now. 1
KR newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
The all fun you can get. 2
2 We spot your talent.
1
4.1.5.2 Feature
There was only one whole sentence code-switching found in Harjo
newspaper, namely “Share your love with.”. The total whole sentence code-
switching from those three local newspapers was one. It became the most frequent whole sentence code-switching in Harjo newspaper.
Table 4.22: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching in Feature
Harjo newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
Share your love with. 1
44
4.1.5.3 News
There were one whole sentence code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, five whole sentences code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and
two whole sentences code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total whole sentences code-switching from those three local newspapers were eight. Next,
there was found one most frequent whole sentence code-switching from Bernas newspaper, Harjo newspaper and KR newspaper. Whole sentences code-switching
“Library is the heart of university.” , ”They’ll have to find someone else to write
the next stimulus bill.”, ”Sorry, no love for today.” were the most frequent
whole sentence code-switching with one total number in each of local newspaper.
Table 4.23: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching in News
Bernas newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
Library is the heart of university. 1
Continue to page 44
Continue from page 43
Harjo newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
They’ll have to find someone else to write the next stimulus bill.
1 KR
newspaper No. Whole
sentence Total
1 Sorry, no love for today.
1
4.1.5.4 Opinion
45
There were six whole sentences code-switching found in Harjo newspaper and two whole sentences code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total whole
sentences code-switching from those three local newspapers were eight. Next, there was found one most frequent whole sentence code-switching
from Harjo newspaper and KR newspaper. “I love you.” was the most frequent whole sentence code-switching with one total number in Harjo newspaper. ”Save
our earth.” was the most frequent whole sentence code-switching with one total
number in KR newspaper.
Table 4.24: The Most Frequents Whole Sentence Code-switching in Opinion
Harjo newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
I love you. 1
KR newspaper
No. Whole sentence
Total 1
Save our earth… 1
4.1.6 Integrated Loanword Code-switching
Integrated loanword code-switching was the last type of code-switching in those three local newspapers. A morpheme sometimes is used with a word from
other language. It is called integrated loanword code-switching. There were eighty-three integrated loanwords code-switching from Bernas, 175 integrated
loanwords code-switching from Harjo and 143 integrated loanwords code-
46
switching from KR. The total number of integrated loanword code-switching from those three local newspapers was 401 integrated loanwords code-switching.
Table 4.25: The Total Numbers of Integrated Loanword Code-switching
Categories Newspapers
Advertisement Feature Fiction News Opinion
Bernas 5 4
- 43
31 Harjo
14 24 -
83 54
KR 18 8
- 69
48
4.1.6.1 Advertisement
There were five integrated loanwords code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, fourteen integrated loanwords code-switching found in Harjo
newspaper and eighteen integrated loanwords code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total integrated loanword code-switching from those three local
newspapers were thirty-seven. Next, there were found four most frequents integrated loanword code-
switching from Harjo newspaper, two most frequents integrated loanword code- switching from KR newspaper and one most frequent integrated loanword code-
switching from Bernas newspaper. Ke email was the most frequent integrated
loanword code-switching with five total numbers. It was followed by integrated
loanword code-switching mengedit with three total numbers, direntalkan, ditraining with two total numbers and ditransfer, ke rekrutmen, hit single-nya
with one total number.
Table 4.26: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching in Advertisement
47
Bernas newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Di
transfer 1 Harjo
newspaper No. Integrated
loanword code-switching
Total 1
Ke email
5 2
Meng edit 3
3 Di
rentalkan 2 4
Ke rekrutmen
1 KR
newspaper No. Integrated
loanword code-switching
Total 1
Di training
2 2 Hits
single-nya 1
4.1.6.2 Feature
There were four integrated loanwords code-switching found in Bernas newspaper, twenty-four integrated loanwords code-switching found in Harjo
newspaper and eight integrated loanwords code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total integrated loanwords code-switching from those three local
newspapers were thirty-six. Next, there were found two most frequents integrated loanword code-
switching from Bernas newspaper, two most frequents integrated loanword code- switching from Harjo newspaper and one most frequent integrated loanword
code-switching from KR newspaper. Bervolume, diupgrade were the most
frequents integrated loanword code-switching with two total numbers. It was
followed by mengorganizer, di follow up, mendetail with one total number.
Table 4.27: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching in Feature
Bernas newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Ber
volume 2 2
Meng organizer 1
48
Harjo newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Di
upgrade 2 2
Di follow up
1 KR
newspaper No. Integrated
loanword code-switching
Total 1
MEN DETAIL 1
4.1.6.3 News
There were forty-three integrated loanwords code-switching found in Bernas
newspaper, eighty-three integrated loanwords code-switching found in Harjo
newspaper and sixty-nine integrated loanwords code-switching found in KR newspaper. The total integrated loanword code-switching from those three local
newspapers were 195. Next, there were found four most frequents integrated loanwords code-switching from Bernas, Harjo and KR newspaper.
Di leg, ke final were the most frequent integrated loanword code-
switching with five total numbers. It was followed by integrated loanword code-
switching bercover with four total numbers, internetan, per unit, di internet with three total numbers, mengcover, mendownload, di stand with two total numbers
and disupport, men-delete, mem-backup with one total number.
Table 4.28: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code- switching in News
Bernas newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Ber
cover 4 2 Internetan 3
3 Meng
cover 2 4
Di support 1
Harjo newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Di
leg 5
49
2 Per
unit 3 3
Men download 2
4 Men
-delete 1 KR
newspaper No. Integrated
loanword code-switching
Total 1
Ke final
5 2
Di internet
3 3 Di
stand 2
4 Mem
-backup 1
4.1.6.4 Opinion
There were thirty-one integrated loanwords code-switching found in Bernas
newspaper, fifty-four integrated loanwords code-switching found in Harjo
newspaper and forty-eight integrated loanwords code-switching found in KR
newspaper. The total integrated loanword code-switching from those three local newspapers were 133. Next, there were found four most frequents integrated
loanword code-switching from Bernas newspaper, Harjo newspaper and KR newspaper.
Membackup was the most frequent integrated loanword code-switching
with five total numbers. It was followed by integrated loanword code-switching
internetan , di area with four total numbers, dioptimalkan, dileg, di era with three
total numbers, ditargetkan, di level, mendisplay with two total numbers and draftnya, trademark-nya, di packing, with one total number.
Table 4.29: The Most Frequents Integrated Loanword Code-switching in Opinion
Bernas newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Internetan 4 2
Di optimalkan 3
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3 Di
targetkan 2 4 Draftnya 1
Harjo newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Di
area 4 2
Di leg 3
3 Di
level 2 4 Trademark-nya 1
KR newspaper
No. Integrated loanword
code-switching Total
1 Mem
backup 5 2
Di era
3 3
Men display 2
4 Di
packing 1 The writer concluded that single word code-switching was the most
frequent type of code-switching in local newspapers with 11.426 total numbers. Single word code-switching was the simplest type of code-switching. It was easier
to use than other types. However, single word code-switching was the shortest code-switching. The users did not need to deal with grammar. Spelling was the
only consideration. Basically, the position of an English word was just the same whether it was put in English sentence or Indonesian sentence. Therefore the
code-switching users preferred to use single word than other type of code- switching.
Diglossic code-switching was the least frequent type of code-switching in local newspapers with only three total numbers. Diglossic code-switching was the
most complicated code-switching. It needed the high quality of grammar understanding from the users. Besides, diglossic code-switching was too difficult
to understand for those who did not have the background English, namely for the readers.
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4.2 The Reason for Code-switching