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2.2 Theoretical Framework
To answer the first problem formulation, the writer used four major types of code-switching from McCormick 1994: 581 namely: diglossia, conversational
code-switchingstyle shiftingcode mixing, single-word code-switchingborrowing and integrated loanwords. The two types namely: situational code-switching,
metaphoric code-switching were skipped because those types only occur in oral communication.
Diglossic code-switching is the first type of code-switching. In Diglossic communities, there are two varieties of code switch, namely high H and low L
variety. High variety is full of prestige. It is usually used in formal way, for example when the speaker does the presentation in front of the clients. Low
variety is lack of prestige and used in the informal way. The speaker usually uses it when he or she speaks to the family at home.
The second type is situational code-switching. The certain event which is faced by the speaker can ask the speaker itself to change the language used. This
matter often happens without changing the topic at all. For example, a company offers a new product to the public. The company makes an advertisement in
English. In fact, not all of the people can get the point from the advertisement. Then, the company makes the Indonesian version of the advertisement without
changing the main topic. As a result, the new product becomes popular. The third type is metaphoric code-switching. Sometimes, the role of the
speakers changes when the language is changed. It is needed when the speakers
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face the certain event. However, the main topic of the discussion is also changed. For example, a son is working in his father’s company. The father is the boss and
the son is an ordinary employee. When they meet in the company, they will use the formal language to show their position in the company. They also change the
topic of conversation. The type number four is conversational code-switching. This kind of type
allows the speakerwriter to juxtapose the various elements of language in his or her speech. The elements can be phrase code-switching, clause code-switching or
whole sentence code-switching. The type number five is single word code-switching. It allows the
speakerwriter to borrow a single word from other language and put it in the utterance of his or her language. For example, the speakerwriter borrows the
English word ‘event’ to replace the word acara in Indonesian sentence.
The type number six is integrated loanwords. This type deals with morpheme. Morpheme is the smallest element of meaning from a word. For
example, a speakerwriter uses a word from the foreign language and adds the affixes from his or her own language.
Next, there are eight main reasons of code-switching that will be used to answer the second problem formulation. The reasons are from Poedjosoedarmo
1975, namely:
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The speaker quotes from other language, the speaker talks with the different interlocutors, there is a third person, there is a certain purpose
from the speaker, the speaker is on the stage, the effect of topic discussion, the effect of the first sentence, the effect of conversation speaking
situation.
The writer applies a theory from Rod Ellis 1997 about foreigner talk to answer the third problem formulation of this study. There are two alterations of
foreigner talk. The first alteration is grammatical talk which can facilitate the second language acquisition. The second alteration is ungrammatical foreigner
talk which can obstruct the second language acquisition.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
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