Introduction Data Analysis DATA ANALYSIS

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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis of the data related to the translation techniques. The analysis of the data of the Indonesian cultural terms is focused on words and phrases level translated into English. The accuracy and the acceptability in translating the Indonesian cultural terms into English are also analyzed in the bilingual tourism booklet of Surakarta. Based on the data, there are eight classifications of the translation techniques applied. Those classifications are: shifttransposition, transference or loan word borrowing, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, addition, reduction, literal translation, and couplet transference plus functional equivalent. The next part of this chapter analyzes about the accuracy of the translation. There are three raters chosen by the researcher. Those raters are the foreigners becoming English native speakers. They complete the questionnaires made by the researcher and also give the scores toward the accuracy level based on the scale of 1 - 4. This part is aimed to analyze whether the translation is accurate or not. The last part of this chapter presents the analysis of the translation acceptability. The analysis of the data is based on the results of the questionnaires obtained from the same raters three persons who also rated the translation accuracy. They complete the questionnaires and give the scores of the translation based on the scale of 1-3. In completing the questionnaires, the raters are also free to write some reasons in the data where they give the related score. 44 commit to user 45

B. Data Analysis

1. The analysis of the translation techniques In the translation techniques, the researcher uses translation techniques that are proposed by Newmark. This section presents the techniques applied by the translator to translate the Indonesian cultural terms into English in the bilingual tourism booklet entitled “Profil Wisata Kota Solo: Tourism Profile of Solo”. There are eight techniques found, there are: a. Shift or Transposition Structure Shift: Head – Modifier into Modifier - Head Shift Catford’s term or Transposition Vinay and Dalbernet’s term is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL Newmark, 1988: 85. The type of shift found based on the data is structure shift. This is a shift in grammatical structure including change in word order. Structure shift occurs when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. Here is the example of the datum no. 009 that belongs to this category: SL : Sebagian besar dari zaman Majapahit 1293-1476 dan Mataram 1586-1755 masa kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang orang, pakaian, wayang kulit dan wayang kayu, patung-patung keagamaan, perhiasan, dan benda-benda antik serta pusaka-pusaka lainnya. TL : Most of them were from Majapahit era 1293-1478 and Mataram era 1586- 1755 at the time of the empire, classical mask dance, human wayang drama, dresses, leather puppet and wooden puppet, religious statues, jewelry, and antique matters, also other valuable heirlooms. p.3 commit to user 46 SL Indonesian : Wayang Kulit H M TL English : Leather Puppet M H In Indonesian, the word “Wayang” must precede its modifier “Kulit”. Meanwhile, in English, the word “Leather” that functions as modifier precedes the word “Puppet” having functions as the head in the noun phrase. Actually, there are 36 data or 28.35 that belong to this classification. b. Addition The addition technique is usually applied by the translator to add the clearer information to the target readers. The additional information added by the translator is normally cultural, technical, or linguistic and is dependent on the requirement of his readership Newmark, 1988: 91. Below is the example of the datum that belongs to this category: SL Indonesian: Sebuah taman rekreasi di Jl. Ir. Sutami yang terletak di tepi Bengawan Solo. datum no. 034, p. 18 TL English: A recreation park in Jl. Ir. Sutami which located at the side of Bengawan Solo river . The above example shows that the translator adds the word “river” in English translation. Here, the addition technique is applied by the translator in order to give the clearer understanding toward the message conveyed from the ST. The other example of this category is: SL: Di halaman utara terdapat menara Panggung Sanggabuwana yang sering disebut sebagai tempat bertemu Raja dengan Kanjeng Ratu Kidul datum no. 003, penguasa Laut Selatan. p. 2 commit to user 47 TL: In the yard of the palace, there is a tower called Panggung Sanggabuwana, a mysterious place for the King to meet Her Majesty Queen of the S outh , the ruler of the Southern - Sea. In this context, the addition of the word “her” in the English translation is useful. In this context, the translator uses the word “her” as the established protocol. It describes about the King Paku Buwono II having the relationship with the “ruler” of the Southern – Sea Kanjeng Ratu Kidul which is a “ghost”. There are six data 4.73 related to this category. c. Transference Loan word Borrowing This translation technique is commonly called borrowing. Newmark calls this technique as transference. This technique is usually applied when there is not yet an equivalent of the certain word or it is applied to appreciate the SL word term. It is done simply by using a loan word from the SL and putting it into the TL. Generally, it is only cultural “object” or concept that should be transferred Newmark, 1988:81. Here is the example of the datum related to this category: SL: Pura Mangkunegaran datum no. 005 menyimpan koleksi yang tak ternilai harganya. p. 3 TL: Pura Mangkunegaran has invaluable collections. When the target readers read this term, they may be confused. It is because they do not really know about what Pura Mangkunegaran is. For the foreign people that never know about Pura Mangkunegaran, they will automatically confused about this translation. In this case, the translator applies pure borrowing, in which heshe purely transferred the Indonesian term into English. In fact, there are many foreigners that do not know about the term. In this case, the raters rated commit to user 48 this data knows about what Pura Mangkunegaran is. However, it may be better if “Pura Mangkunegaran ” is translated into “Pura Mangkunegaran one of the palaces in Solo”. There are 22 data or 17.32 related to this category. d. Cultural equivalent This is a translation technique applied to find the equivalence of the cultural terms. Newmark states that this technique is applied when the SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word Newmark, 1988:83. As we know, the term that is related to cultural matter is a serious problem to find its equivalence. It also depends on translators’ competence to produce the good result of translation. Here is the example of the datum related to the category: SL: Klenteng datum no. 49 yang berada tepat di seberang Pasar Gede ini sudah berdiri sejak tahun 1746 M. p. 7 TL: The t emple is located across the Pasar Gede was built in 1746 AD. In this case, the translator translates the term “Klenteng” into “Temple” in English. It is good to translate “Klenteng” into “Temple”, because the foreigners tend to have the understanding about temple in their culture. However, the translator suggests the translation of “Klenteng” in this case to be “China temple”. Therefore, it is no problem to translate like stated above in the bilingual booklet. There are 13 data or 10.23 that belong to this category. e. Functional Equivalent This technique is used when a SL cultural word has no TL equivalent. This is applied to cultural words. It requires the use of a culture - free word Newmark, 1988:83. This technique is the accurate way of translating a cultural word as what commit to user 49 proposed by Newmark. The example of this category is: SL : Wayang orang Sriwedari telah berjasa besar dalam ikut melestarikan kebudayaan bangsa, yaitu seni wayang orang, seni tari, seni busana, seni suara, serta seni karawitan datum no. 025, p.12 TL : Human Wayang of Sriwedari has given a huge contribution for conservating traditional culture, such as human wayang art, dancing art, fashion art, singing art, and Javanese orchestra art. Actually, the Indonesian term “Seni karawitan” has no equivalent in the target language English. In this case, “Seni karawitan” is translated by using the culture – free word as proposed by Newmark into “Javanese orchestra art”. It is because the word “Orchestra” is common for the target readers’ culture. Therefore, the translation above makes the target readers understand the translation easily. There are 13 data 10.23 that belong to this category. f. Reduction This is a technique in which the information message is given implicitly in the TL. In contrast, the SL information is explicit one. This technique is in contrast with amplification technique. This is rather imprecise translation technique practiced intuitively in some cases Newmark, 1988:90. It is to suppress a SL into item in TL. Here is the example of this category SL : Gladag Langen Bogan datum no. 055 sebuah penguat bagi sebutan Solo sebagai kota yang tak pernah tidur. p. 34 TL : Galabo emphazises more the so – called Solo as the city that never sleep. commit to user 50 In this case, the translator translates “Gladag Langen Bogan” implicitly into “Galabo”. Of course, it will automatically affect the confusion of the target readers in understanding the meaning of “Gladag Langen Bogan”. Foreigners who already visited Solo mostly do not know what “Gladag Langen Bogan” is. However, the translator only translates it into “Galabo”. The researcher thinks that it is not translated well. The translator only reduces the term just like an abbreviation. It should be better if the term “Gladag Langen Bogan” is translated into “Gladag Langen Bogan an outdoor culinary area set up at night time”. There is 1 datum 0.79 that belongs to this category. g. Literal Translation Literal translation is the translation technique to translate a word or an expression word for word. This is normally applied in the recognized - terms Newmark, 1988:85. Here is the example of this category: SL : Karaton Kasunanan Karaton Solo Hadiningrat dibangun tahun 1745 oleh Raja Paku Buwono II. datum no.002, p. 2 TL : Kasunanan Palace Karaton Solo Hadiningrat was built in 1745 by King Paku Buwono the 2 nd From the example above, it is clear that the translation is translated word – for - word in the same structure between SL and TL. There are 10 data 7.88 that belong to this category. h. Couplet Transference plus functional equivalent The researcher found that there are data that are more suitable to be included into this technique. Actually, Newmark proposes the couplet commit to user 51 technique, that is combine two or more techniques to solve a single problem Newmark, 1988:91. It can be the combination of transference with functional or a cultural equivalent Newmark, 1988:90. This technique is particularly common in dealing with culture specific items. The loan word can then be used in its own: the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanation. This technique is a combination of the loan word from SL plus explanation of the related loan word. Applying this technique is very useful because the translator both can appreciate the original term of the SL and can transfer it by borrowing the SL term with explanation about the term. Here is the example of the category: SL : Koleksi Museum Radya Pustaka terdiri dari beragam benda bersejarah bernilai tinggi seperti keris, g amelan datum no. 017, p.4, patung-patung batu dan perunggu, wayang kulit, keramik, dll. TL : There are many ancient heritages with high historical values such as keris, gamelan a set of Javanese orchestra, statues made from stone and bronze, leather puppet, ceramics, etc. The translation adds the additional information about what Gamelan is in the TL. The technique is applied by putting the original loan term “Gamelan” from SL plus giving clear explanation additional information functional equivalent about what gamelan is. There are 26 data 20.47 that belong to this category. commit to user 52 Table 3 The Distribution of Translation Techniques No. Datum Indonesian English Kinds of Techniques 001 Karaton Kasunanan Solo Kasunanan Solo Palace Shift Transposition 002 Raja Paku Buwono II King Paku Buwono the 2 nd Literal Translation 003 Kanjeng Ratu Kidul Her Majesty Queen of the South Addition 004 Keris Keris wavy double bladder dagger Javanese traditional weapons Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 005 Pura Mangkunegaran Pura Mangkunegaran Transference 006 Karaton indah pura=karaton=ista na gorgeous pura palace Addition 007 Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Aryo KGPAA Mangkunegoro I KGPAA a title for king Mangkunegoro the 1 st Addition 008 Wayang Orang Human Wayang drama Addition 009 Wayang Kulit Leather Puppet Shift Transposition 010 Wayang Kayu Wooden Puppet Shift Transposition 011 Pendapa balairung istana, tempat menerima tamu Pendapa a room to entertain guests Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 012 Dalem balairung utama Dalem main room Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 013 Bale Peni tempat tinggal putra pangeran “Bale Peni” the room for princes Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 014 Bale Warni tempat tinggal para putri “Bale Warni” the room for princesses Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 015 Kanjeng Adipati Sosrodiningrat IV Kanjeng Adipati Sosrodiningrat IV Transference 016 Pepatih Dalem Prime Minister Cultural equivalent 017 Gamelan Gamelan a set of Javanese orchestra Couplet transference plus functional equivalent commit to user 53 018 Galeri Batik Kuno Danarhadi Danarhadi Antiques Batik Museum Shift Transposition 019 Ndalem Wuryaningratan Wuryaningratan House Shift Transposition 020 Paku Buwono X King Paku Buwono the 10 th Literal Translation 021 Bale PERSIS PERSIS Hall Shift Transposition 022 Loji Gandrung Loji Gandrung Transference 023 Selo Pass Selo Pass Transference 024 Wayang Orang Sriwedari Sriwedari Human Wayang Shift Transposition 025 Seni karawitan Javanese orchestra art Functional equivalent 026 Wayang Kulit Shadow Puppet Shift Transposition 027 Dalang Dalang narrator and puppeteer of traditional shadow plays Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 028 Sinden Sinden female singer Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 029 Wayang Bocah Children Wayang Shift Transposition 030 Sanggar tari wayang bocah Soeryo Sumirat Wayang Bocah Soeryo Sumirat Dance Group Shift Transposition 031 Ketoprak Balekambang Balekambang Ketoprak Shift Transposition 032 “Tobong” atau panggung darurat “Tobong”, the local name for a temporary stage Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 033 Taman Satwataru Jurug Jurug Zoo Shift Transposition 034 Bengawan Solo Bengawan Solo River Addition 035 Kebon Rojo atau Taman Raja Kebon Rojo or the Park of the King Literal Translation 036 Kampoeng Batik Laweyan Laweyan Batik Village Shift Transposition 037 ”beteng” “fortress” Cultural equivalent 038 Kampoeng Batik Kauman Kauman Batik Village Shift Transposition 039 Batik klasik motif pakem batik tulis original motives of classic batik handmade batik Shift Transposition 040 Batik murni cap pure printing batik Shift Transposition 041 sutra tenun weaved silk materials Addition 042 Kampoeng Baluwarti Baluwarti Village Shift Transposition 043 Abdi dalem the King’s servants Functional equivalent commit to user 54 keraton 044 becak becak pedicab Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 045 Masjid Agung Karaton Kasunanan Surakarta The Great Mosque of Kasunanan Solo Palace Shift Transposition 046 Masjid Al-Wustho Pura Mangkunegaran Pura Mangkunegaran’s Al- Wustho Mosque Shift Transposition 047 GKJ Margoyudan Community Christian Church GKJ of Margoyudan Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 048 Klenteng Tri Dharma Avalokitesvara Tri Dharma Avalokitesvara Temple Shift Transposition 049 Klenteng Temple Cultural equivalent 050 Pasar Klewer Klewer Market Shift Transposition 051 Pasar Gede Gede Market Shift Transposition 052 Pasar Windujenar Windujenar market Shift Transposition 053 Pasar klithikan notoharjo Notoharjo spare parts Market Shift Transposition 054 benda klithikan spare parts Cultural equivalent 055 Gladag Langen Bogan Galabo Reduction 056 kantil magnolias Cultural equivalent 057 Pasar Legi pasar sembako Legi market groceries market Shift Transposition 058 sembako primary needs Cultural equivalent 059 karak karak Transference 060 kerupuk a kind of cracker Functional Equivalent 061 bleng natural brine Functional Equivalent 062 rambak udel rambak udel Transference 063 gudeg cakar gudeg cakar Transference 064 selat solo salad ala Solo Literal Translation 065 Dawet gempol pleret dawet gempol pleret Transference 066 gempol rice flour ball Functional Equivalent 067 pleret glutinous rice and brown sugar Functional Equivalent 069 ketan glutinous rice Functional Equivalent 069 wedang ronde wedang ronde Transference 070 kolang kaling yang diiris tipis slight sliced of sugar palm fruit Shift Transposition 071 pecel pecel Transference 072 kenikir kenikir Transference 073 bumbu pecel dried spicy peanut Functional Equivalent commit to user 55 gravy 074 cabuk rambak cabuk rambak Transference 075 iris-irisan tipis ketupat sliced rice cakes Literal Translation 076 kuah wijen sesame sauce Cultural equivalent 077 karak rice crackers Functional Equivalent 078 intip kerak nasi yang dijemur kemudian dan digoreng intip made from dried-and-then-fried rice crust Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 079 sate buntel sate buntel wrapped satay Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 080 timlo solo timlo solo Transference 081 racikan soun transparent bean flour vermicelli Functional Equivalent 082 jamur kuping edible fungushes Shift Transposition 083 kacang kapri snow peas Cultural equivalent 084 kembang gayam sosis jawa Javanese sausage Cultural equivalent 085 sate kere sate kere Pauper’s satay Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 086 tempe gembus ampas tahu yang direbus gembus fermented soybean boiled soybean curd dregs Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 087 beras kencur minuman dari perasan beras dan kencur yang ditumbuk halus beras kencur a beverage that made from pounded and squeezed rice and galingale Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 088 jamu traditional medicinal herb Functional Equivalent 089 wedang jahe wedang jahe Transference 090 tengkleng masakan mirip dengan gulai tulang kambing tengkleng a Javanese curry with chopped sheep bones Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 091 sate jeroan innards satays Shift Transposition 092 kandungan uteruses Cultural equivalent 093 nasi liwet nasi yang dimasak dengan santan nasi liwet rice cooked in coconut milk Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 094 sambal goreng jipan spicy gourd curry Functional equivalent 095 kumut terbuat dari santan dan kumut a savory thick sauce from of Couplet transference plus functional commit to user 56 rasanya sangat gurih coconut milk equivalent 096 opor ayam kampong dan telur chicken and egg curry Shift Transposition 097 roti kecik roti kecik Transference 098 tepung cengkaruk tepung ketan yang diolah secara khusus, digoreng, kemudian diayak cengkaruk glutinous rice starch that ben fried and sieved Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 099 serabi serabi Transference 100 cikal bakal Kota Solo ancestor of Solo Literal Translation 101 Halaman Siti HinggiL Karaton Solo Solo Palace’s Hall Courtyard Shift Transposition 102 Astana Oetara Astana Oetara Transference 103 Paseboan meditation place Functional equivalent 104 Jend Gatot Subroto General Gatot Subroto Literal Translation 105 Sekaten adalah perayaan hari kelahiran Nabi Muhammad SAW Sekaten is the celebration of the Prophet Muhammad SAW’s birthday Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 106 Gunungan Gunungan a large mound of traditional foods Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 107 Grebeg Syawal Grebeg Syawal Transference 108 Gunungan estri gunungan estri female mound Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 109 Gunungan jaler Gunungan jaler male mound Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 110 prajurit tamtama tamtama troops Shift Transposition 111 Grebeg besar Idul Adha Grebeg besar Idul Adha Transference 112 Grebeg Pasa Grebeg Pasa Transference 113 Abdi dalem “Pareden” atau gunungan satu rakit dua buah a set of gunungan – called abdi dalem “Pareden” Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 114 Grebeg Mulud Grebeg Mulud Transference 115 Tahun Dal Dal Year Shift Transposition 116 Jumat Kliwon Friday Kliwon Shift Transposition commit to user 57 117 Minggu Pahing Sunday Pahing Shift Transposition 118 ISKS Pakoe Boewono dan GK Ratu Alit ISKS Pakoe Boewono with GK Ratu Alit Literal Translation 119 Pawon dapur Gondorasan Pawon kitchen “Gondorasan” Literal Translation 120 “adang” atau menanak nasi “adang” or to cook rice Literal Translation 121 Ruwatan Ruwatan Transference 122 tirakatan ascetic act Cultural equivalent 123 Sukerta kesialan diri sukerta personal bad luck Couplet transference plus functional equivalent 124 “sukerta” bumi atau tempat tinggal earth’s or hometowns bad luck Shift Transposition 125 sarasehan informal discussion Cultural equivalent 126 Kirab pusaka Heirlooms carnival Cultural equivalent 127 1 Asyura Asyura 1 Shift Transposition 2. The Analysis of Translation Accuracy The translation accuracy is analyzed based on the score given by the three raters. The accuracy level of the translation is analyzed based on the result of the questionnaires delivered to the raters. They should choose one of the four options, they are: 1. Accurate, 2. Less accurate, 3. Inaccurate, and 4. Very inaccurate. The researcher also provides a space for the reasons or comments why they decided to choose their options. The three raters give the scores to each datum based on the rating system as follows: commit to user 58 Table 4 Accuracy Scale of the Translation of Cultural Terms Point Definition Criteria Score 4 Accurate The translation of cultural terms is considered accurate if the content or message of the original source text Indonesian in form of words and phrases is accurately conveyed to the target text English. 4.0 3 Less accurate The content of the Indonesian cultural terms source text is conveyed to the English cultural terms target text, although not totally 3.0-3.9 2 Inaccurate The content of the Indonesian cultural terms source text is not accurately conveyed to the target text English . 1.1-2.9 1 Very inaccurate The content of the original source text Indonesian is not translated at all into the target text English, for example: it is omitted or deleted. 1.0 The researcher makes calculation and finds the mean of the score after having the score from the raters. Then, the researcher counts the mean average of the accuracy score given by the three raters. The classifications of accuracy level are as follows: a. Category A is accurate translation consisting of the data with the average point 4.0 b. Category B is less accurate translation consisting of the data with the average point ranging from 3.0-3.9 c. Category C is inaccurate translation consisting of the data with the average point ranging from 1.1-2.9 d. Category D is very inaccurate translation consisting of the data with the average point 1.0 commit to user 59 Table 5 Accuracy Score of the Translation of the Cultural Terms No. Data Rater I Rater II Rater III Mean George Douglas Shane 1 3 4 4 3.67 2 4 3 2 3.00 3 4 3 2 3.00 4 4 3 4 3.67 5 3 3 3 3.00 6 2 3 4 3.00 7 4 3 3 3.33 8 3 4 3 3.33 9 4 4 4 4.00 10 4 4 4 4.00 11 4 4 4 4.00 12 3 4 4 3.67 13 4 4 4 4.00 14 4 4 4 4.00 15 3 4 3 3.33 16 4 4 4 4.00 17 4 4 4 4.00 18 3 3 3 3.00 19 4 4 4 4.00 20 4 3 3 3.33 21 4 4 4 4.00 22 3 4 2 3.00 23 4 4 4 4.00 24 3 4 3 3.33 25 4 3 4 3.67 26 4 4 4 4.00 27 4 4 4 4.00 28 4 4 4 4.00 29 3 4 3 3.33 30 4 3 3 3.33 31 4 4 4 4.00 32 3 4 4 3.67 33 4 4 4 4.00 34 3 4 4 3.67 35 4 4 4 4.00 36 3 4 4 3.67 37 4 4 4 4.00 38 3 4 4 3.67 39 4 4 4 4.00 40 3 4 4 3.67 41 4 3 3 3.33 42 4 4 4 4.00 commit to user 60 43 4 4 4 4.00 44 4 4 4 4.00 45 4 4 4 4.00 46 4 4 3 3.67 47 4 4 3 3.67 48 4 4 4 4.00 49 4 3 4 3.67 50 4 4 4 4.00 51 4 2 4 3.33 52 4 4 3 3.67 53 4 4 4 4.00 54 4 4 4 4.00 55 3 4 1 2.67 56 4 4 4 4.00 57 4 4 4 4.00 58 4 4 4 4.00 59 3 1 1 1.67 60 4 2 2 2.67 61 4 2 3 3.00 62 3 1 1 1.67 63 3 1 1 1.67 64 3 3 2 2.67 65 3 1 1 1.67 66 4 3 3 3.33 67 4 3 3 3.33 68 4 3 3 3.33 69 3 1 1 1.67 70 4 2 3 3.00 71 3 1 1 1.67 72 3 1 1 1.67 73 4 3 3 3.33 74 3 1 1 1.67 75 4 2 2 2.67 76 4 3 2 3.00 77 4 3 2 3.00 78 4 3 3 3.33 79 3 3 3 3.00 80 3 1 1 1.67 81 4 2 3 3.00 82 4 3 3 3.33 83 4 3 3 3.33 84 4 3 3 3.33 85 3 2 3 2.67 86 4 2 3 3.00 87 4 3 4 3.67 88 4 4 4 4.00 commit to user 61 89 3 1 1 1.67 90 4 3 4 3.67 91 4 3 3 3.33 92 3 3 3 3.00 93 4 4 4 4.00 94 4 3 3 3.33 95 4 4 4 4.00 96 4 4 4 4.00 97 3 1 1 1.67 98 3 3 3 3.00 99 3 1 1 1.67 100 3 4 4 3.67 101 3 3 3 3.00 102 3 1 1 1.67 103 4 4 4 4.00 104 4 4 4 4.00 105 3 4 4 3.67 106 3 4 4 3.67 107 3 1 1 1.67 108 4 4 4 4.00 109 4 4 4 4.00 110 4 4 4 4.00 111 3 1 1 1.67 112 3 1 1 1.67 113 3 2 2 2.33 114 3 1 1 1.67 115 4 4 4 4.00 116 3 1 2 2.00 117 3 1 2 2.00 118 3 4 3 3.33 119 3 4 4 3.67 120 3 4 4 3.67 121 3 1 1 1.67 122 4 3 4 3.67 123 4 4 4 4.00 124 3 4 4 3.67 125 4 4 4 4.00 126 3 4 4 3.67 127 4 1 1

2.00 TOTAL

456 395 394 414.67 Average 3.59

3.11 3.09

3.26 commit to user 62 a. Accurate Translation This category includes the data with the average score 4.0. There are 41 data from 127 data totally or 32.28 in this research that are considered as accurate translation. Some of them will be discussed further in the example below: Example 2 datum 027: SL : Kemampuan dalang adalah yang paling berperan terutama ketika memainkan penokohan wayang. p. 13 TL : Dalang narrator and puppeteer of traditional shadow plays is the most important role here. The average score of the translation of the term above is 4.0. All of the three raters foreigners give score 4 for this translation. It means that the message of the term from the SL Indonesian is accurately conveyed to the TL English according to the three raters. However, the researcher thinks that the translation of the Indonesian term “Dalang” should be “Dalang the narrator and puppeteer of traditional shadow puppet plays. The researcher thinks that the additional information of the term “puppet” is important for more accurately - conveyed message. Example: datum no 026: SL : Tokoh-tokoh wayang kulit berasal dari kisah klasik Ramayana dan Mahabharata yang mencerminkan kehidupan manusia. p. 13 TL : The characters of shadow puppets are developed from classic epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, which is based on human life. The average score of the translation above is purely 4.0 from the three commit to user 63 raters. According to R1, the meaning of the translation from SL is conveyed totally to the TL. The other raters also think the same consideration. However, R2 suggests the other translation for the Indonesian term “Wayang Kulit” that is “Leather Puppet” for shadow theater. The researcher herself considers that the term “Leather Puppet” is more suitable to be the translation of “Wayang kulit”, for it is commonly known broadly even by foreigners loving Indonesian culture. However, the three raters think that the message from the SL is not dangerously distorted to the TL. As in their understanding, the word is about “Puppet=Wayang”. b. Less Accurate Translation This category involves the data with the average score ranging from 3.0 - 3.9. From the data analyzed by the researcher, the less accurate data is the most category to find. It covers 59 data 46.46 from 127 data totally of the Indonesian cultural term into English included to the category. Some of the less accurate data will be discussed futher below: Example 1 datum no. 002 SL : Karaton Kasunanan Karaton Solo Hadiningrat dibangun tahun 1745 oleh Raja Paku Buwono II. datum no.002, p. 2 TL : Kasunanan Palace Karaton Solo Hadiningrat was built in 1745 by King Paku Buwono the 2 nd . The average score of the translation above is 3.33. Among the three raters give the different score of the translation. Actually, R1 gives score 4. However, R2 and R3 give the score 3 and 2. This different point of view can be seen from the sequence of the king enthroned. In this case, R3 suggests that the translation of commit to user 64 “Raja Paku Buwono II” should be ” King Paku Buwono II” , not “the 2 nd” . According to the researcher, the word ”the 2 nd” is proper to said orally, not in written way. The English translation of “King Paku Buwono II” should be accurate if it is applied. Example 2 datum no. 004: SL : Di dalam Karaton terdapat galeri seni dan musium dengan pusaka-pusaka kerajaan, terdapat tempat kereta dan kusirnya, senjata kuno dan keris, serta benda- benda antik lainnya. p. 2 TL : Inside the palace, there is an exotic art gallery and museum with exciting heirlooms of the kingdom, a room of a cart and its coachman, ancient weapons, and keris wavy double bladder dagger Javanese traditional weapons, also antique matters. The average score of the translation is 3.67. In this case, R1 and R3 give the score 4. However, R2 gives the score 3. According to R2, there is an error in the translation. He suggests translating “Keris” into “Keris wavy double bladder dagger Javanese traditional weapons”. The researcher analyzes that this consideration is right, for the translator make an error in translation by using the term “bladder” that is related to the anatomy of the body. In fact, the proper wordterm to use is “blade”. Therefore, the translator should pay attention for this case because it can affect the fatal translation. The researcher proposes the other English translation of the term above to be “Keris a kind of Javanese traditional weapons which is like wavy double bladed dagger.” commit to user 65 c. Inaccurate Translation This category includes the data with the average score 1.1 - 2.0. Based on the analysis, the inaccurate data covers 27 data 21.26 based on the three raters’ consideration. The example of them will be discussed as follows: Example: SL : Kerupuk datum no. 060 yang terbuat dari nasi yang dibumbui bleng dan keudian dikeringkan dan digoreng. p. 4 TL : A kind of cracker that made from rice seasoned with natural brine, thin sliced, dried and fried. In this case, the translation score above is 2.67. Both R2 and R3 give the score 2. Meanwhile, R1 gives score 4 accurate. R2 and R3 consider this translation to be inaccurate because the meaning is confusing and the message of the SL is not accurately conveyed to the TL. The translator does not state clear information in the translation above. Furthermore, the translator also employs the word ”cracker”. The researcher does not agree with that term. It is highly recommended to employ the word “snack”. Cracker is a thin, crispy and usually salty or savory biscuit http:en.wiktionary.orgwikicrackerdry. Whereas, snack is a type of food not meant to be eaten as a main meal of the day-breakfast, lunch or dinner- but rather to assuage a person’s hunger between these meals, providing a brief supply of energy for the body http:en.wikipedia.orgwikisnack. It is clear that cracker is a kind of biscuit. Therefore, the researcher proposes a translation of “kerupuk” to be “a kind of snack usually made from spicy flour which is dried and fried” as a clearer information. commit to user 66 Example 2 datum no. 071,p.44: SL : Pecel TL : Pecel The term above is in the context of being a title of the text. The Indonesian cultural term “pecel” as a title in ST is borrowed directly in its English title as “pecel” too. The average score of the translation above is 1.67. Both R2 and R3 give score 1, but R1 gives the score 3. R2 and R3 consider that the meaning of the SL term is not transferred by the translator into TL. Therefore, it is inaccurate according to them. In addition, the researcher finds that the translator only borrows the original term from SL into TL. It may cause confusion to the raters for there is no clear information about the translation above. The researcher considers that it is fatal to only borrow the term from SL into TL without translating the term with clear and accurate translation. The researcher suggests the translation of “Pecel” should be “a kind of traditional food that consists of boiled vegetables like spinach and sprout with the sauce made from dried spicy peanut gravy”, as the clearer explanation in English of the term “pecel” as a title in Indonesian text.

d. Very Inaccurate

This category includes the data with the score 1.0. There is no datum in this research that is considered to be very inaccurate by the three raters. commit to user 67 Table 6 The Classification Of Translation Accuracy No. Categories Data Number Total Percentag e 1 Accurate 009,010,011,013,014,016,017,019,021, 023,026,027,028,031,033,035,037,039, 042,043,044,045,048,050,053,054,056, 057,058,088,093,095,096,103,104,108, 109,110,115,123,125 41 32.28 2 Less Accurate 001,002,003,004,005,006,007,008,012, 015,018,020,022,024,025,029,030,032, 034,036,038,040,041,046,047,049,051, 052,061,066,067,068,070,073,076,077, 078,079,081,082,083,084,086,087,090, 091,092,094,098,100,101,105,106,118, 119,120,122,124,126 59 46.46 3 Inaccurate 055,059,060,062,063,064,065,069,071, 072,074,075,080,085,089,097,099,102, 107,111,112,113,114,116,117,121,127 27 21.26 4 Very Inaccurate - 4 Total 127 127 100.00 3. The Analysis of Translation Acceptability The acceptability level is also analyzed based on the score given by three raters the foreigners. After having the score from the raters, the researcher makes a calculation and finds the mean average of the score. The researcher also counts the mean of the acceptability score gained. The average point is to classify the data into categories as follows: a. Category A is acceptable translation with the average point of the data ranging from 2.4 - 3.0. b. Category B is less acceptable translation with the average point of the data ranging from 1.7 – 2.3. commit to user 68 c. Category C is unacceptable translation with the average point of the data ranging from 1.0 – 1.6. Table 7 Acceptability Scale of Translation of Cultural Terms Point Definition Criteria Score 3 Acceptable The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases has natural form of the target text, sounds natural, and almost does not seem like translation. 2.4 - 3.0 2 Less acceptable The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is closely natural, but there are some uncommon words or phrases in the translation of cultural terms that still exist. 1.7 – 2.3 1 Unaccepta ble The translation of cultural terms in form of words and phrases is translated literally from the source language that is Indonesian sounds so unnatural. There are also the uses of unfamiliar cultural terms in the English translation. 1.0 – 1.6 a. Acceptable Translation This category covers the data with the average score ranging from 2.4 -3.0. There are 68 data 53.55 of 127 data totally that are considered to be acceptable translation. In this case, the three raters considered that most of the data in this research are acceptable. Below are the two examples of this category: Example 1 datum no. 009: SL : Sebagian besar dari zaman Majapahit 1293-1476 dan Mataram 1586-1755 masa kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang orang, pakaian, wayang kulit dan wayang kayu, patung-patung keagamaan, perhiasan, dan benda-benda antik serta pusaka-pusaka lainnya. commit to user 69 TL : Most of them were from Majapahit era 1293-1478 and Mataram era 1586- 1755 at the time of the empire, classical mask dance, human wayang drama, dresses, leather puppet and wooden puppet, religious statues, jewelry, and antique matters, also other valuable heirlooms. p.3 From the example above, among the three raters give score 3, the highest score. They consider that the translation is acceptable based on their understanding. They can understand clearly about the meaning of the term for there is the equivalent of the Indonesian cultural term “Wayang Kulit” to its English translation that is “Leather Puppet”. Therefore, the translator becomes success to produce acceptable translation in this case, for the translator successfully finds the proper equivalent of the term above from SL to TL. Example 2 datum no. 040, p.21 SL : Dalam perkembangannya, seni batik yang ada di Kampung Kauman dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga bentuk batik, yaitu batik klasik motif pakem batik tulis, batik murni cap, dan model kombinasi antara tulis dan cap. TL : In its development, the Batik from Kauman village can be differentiated into three forms: original motives of classic batik, handmade batik, pure printing batik, and the combination model of handmade and printing mode. The average score of the translation is 2,67. Although the translation does not reach the highest score 3, but it is considered to be acceptable. In this case, both R2 and R3 consider to give score 3. In contrast, R1 thinks that the score should be 2 for he gives that score to the translation. Actually, only R1 giving the suggestion to the translation, that is the term “Batik Murni Cap” should be translated into “Purely Printing Batik”. The researcher also consider that the commit to user 70 translation should employ “adverb”, to be “Purely Printing Batik” rather than “Pure Printing Batik” for the word “Pure” is an adjective. By applying the last translation “Purely Printing Batik”, the researcher considers that it will be more acceptable. b. Less Acceptable Translation This category includes the data with average score ranging from 1.7-2.3. There are 37 data 29.13 of this research are considered as less acceptable translation. Some of them will be discussed further as follows: Example 1 datum no. 008: SL : Sebagian besar dari zaman Majapahit 1293-1476 dan Mataram 1586-1755 masa kekaisaran, tarian topeng klasik, wayang orang, pakaian, wayang kulit dan wayang kayu, patung-patung keagamaan, perhiasan, dan benda-benda antik serta pusaka-pusaka lainnya. TL : Most of them were from Majapahit era 1293-1478 and Mataram era 1586- 1755 at the time of the empire, classical mask dance, human wayang drama, dresses, leather puppet and wooden puppet, religious statues, jewelry, and antique matters, also other valuable heirlooms. p.3 The average score of the example above is 2.33. Both R1 and R3 give score 2. Meanwhile, R2 gives score 3. The translation is considered to be less acceptable for there is the term “Wayang” that is not translated. Therefore, it is still “strange” translation. In this case, R1 suggests the English translation of the term should be ”Human Puppet”. The researcher also considered that it is less acceptable to translate the term above into “Human Wayang” drama. Maybe, the researcher proposes the English translation to be “Human Puppet a Javanese commit to user 71 traditional plays”. The researcher considered that the translation may become more acceptable. Example 2 datum no. 064, p. 42: SL : Selat Solo TL : Salad ala Solo From the example above, the cultural term “selat solo” is in the level of being a title of one of the text in the bilingual tourism booklet. The average score of the translation above is 2.00. Among the three raters give score 2 to the translation. They consider the translation above to be less accurate. R1 suggests the English translation of the term “Selat Solo” to be “ Solo Salad”. The researcher herself thinks that it is no problem to translate “Selat Solo” into “Salad ala Solo” for it is acceptable enough. However, the researcher proposes the other new translation of the term “Selat Solo” into “Special salad from Solo”. The aim of that translation proposed by the researcher is to emphasize that Solo has different salad from what the target readers foreigners know in their country. c. Unacceptable Translation This category covers the data with the average score 1.0-1.6. There are 22 data 17. 32 of this research are considered to be unacceptable translation. The examples of this category will be discussed below: Example 1 datum no. 005: SL: Pura Mangkunegaran datum no. 005 menyimpan koleksi yang tak ternilai harganya. p. 3 TL: Pura Mangkunegaran has invaluable collections. The average score of the data above is 1.67, for there are two raters commit to user 72 R1and R3 who give score 2. Meanwhile, R2 gives score 1. The researcher analyzes this translation to be in accurate for the Indonesian cultural term “Pura Mangkunegaran” is also translate the same into English as “Pura Mangkunegaran”. It is unacceptable translation, since the target readers will not know about what Pura Mangkunegaran is. The translator does not given any information about it. For that case, the researcher proposes the other version of the translation of the term ” Pura Mangkunegaran” into “Pura Mangkunegaran one of the georgeous palace in Solo city”. Example 2 datum no. 099: SL : Serabi mudah ditemukan di sepanjang Kota Solo, siang maupun malam hari. p. 49 TL : You can easily find and buy serabi in Solo, day time or night time. The average score of the translation above is 1.33 for both R2 and R3 give score 1 and R1 gives score 2. Among them state that the translation is not clear in term of message delivered. In this case, the translator only applies the loan word from the SL into TL. In fact, the translator can translate it into good translation with clear information. For that case, the researcher proposes that the term “Serabi” should be translated into “Serabi kind of traditional pancake from Solo made from rice flour, coconut milk, and sugar”. It is more acceptable to translate in such a simple way. commit to user 73 Table 8 Acceptability Score of Translation of the Cultural Terms No. Data Rater I Rater II Rater III Mean George Douglas Shane 1 2 3 3 2.67 2 3 2 2 2.33 3 3 2 2 2.33 4 3 2 3 2.67 5 2 1 2 1.67 6 2 3 3 2.67 7 3 2 2 2.33 8 2 3 2 2.33 9 3 3 3 3.00 10 3 3 3 3.00 11 3 3 3 3.00 12 2 3 3 2.67 13 3 3 3 3.00 14 3 3 3 3.00 15 2 2 2 2.00 16 3 3 3 3.00 17 3 3 3 3.00 18 2 3 2 2.33 19 2 3 3 2.67 20 3 2 2 2.33 21 3 2 3 2.67 22 2 1 1 1.33 23 3 2 3 2.67 24 2 3 2 2.33 25 3 3 3 3.00 26 3 3 3 3.00 27 3 3 3 3.00 28 3 3 3 3.00 29 2 3 2 2.33 30 3 2 2 2.33 31 3 3 3 3.00 32 2 2 3 2.33 33 3 3 3 3.00 34 2 3 3 2.67 35 3 3 3 3.00 36 2 3 3 2.67 37 3 2 3 2.67 38 2 3 3 2.67 39 3 3 3 3.00 40 2 3 3 2.67 41 3 2 2 2.33 commit to user 74 42 3 3 3 3.00 43 3 3 3 3.00 44 3 3 3 3.00 45 3 3 3 3.00 46 3 3 2 2.67 47 3 2 2 2.33 48 3 3 3 3.00 49 3 3 3 3.00 50 3 2 2 2.33 51 3 3 2 2.67 52 3 2 2 2.33 53 3 3 3 3.00 54 3 3 3 3.00 55 2 1 1 1.33 56 3 3 3 3.00 57 3 3 3 3.00 58 3 3 3 3.00 59 2 1 1 1.33 60 3 2 2 2.33 61 3 2 2 2.33 62 2 1 1 1.33 63 2 1 1 1.33 64 2 2 2 2.00 65 3 1 1 1.67 66 3 2 2 2.33 67 3 2 2 2.33 68 3 3 2 2.67 69 2 1 1 1.33 70 3 3 2 2.67 71 2 1 1 1.33 72 2 1 1 1.33 73 3 2 1 2.00 74 2 1 1 1.33 75 3 2 2 2.33 76 3 3 2 2.67 77 3 3 2 2.67 78 3 3 2 2.67 79 2 3 2 2.33 80 3 1 1 1.67 81 3 2 2 2.33 82 3 2 2 2.33 83 3 2 3 2.67 84 3 2 2 2.33 85 2 2 2 2.00 86 3 2 2 2.33 87 3 2 3 2.67 commit to user 75 88 3 3 3 3.00 89 2 1 1 1.33 90 3 3 3 3.00 91 3 2 2 2.33 92 2 2 2 2.00 93 3 3 3 3.00 94 3 2 3 2.67 95 3 3 3 3.00 96 3 3 3 3.00 97 2 1 1 1.33 98 2 2 2 2.00 99 2 1 1 1.33 100 2 3 3 2.67 101 2 2 2 2.00 102 2 2 1 1.67 103 3 3 3 3.00 104 3 3 3 3.00 105 3 3 3 3.00 106 2 3 3 2.67 107 2 1 1 1.33 108 3 3 3 3.00 109 3 3 3 3.00 110 2 3 3 2.67 111 2 1 1 1.33 112 2 1 1 1.33 113 2 2 2 2.00 114 2 1 1 1.33 115 3 3 3 3.00 116 2 2 2 2.00 117 2 2 2 2.00 118 2 2 2 2.00 119 2 3 3 2.67 120 2 3 3 2.67 121 2 1 1 1.33 122 3 2 3 2.67 123 3 3 3 3.00 124 2 3 2 2.33 125 3 3 3 3.00 126 2 3 3 2.67 127 3 1 1 1.67 TOTAL 331 299 294 308 Average

2.6 2.35

2.31 2.42

commit to user 76 Table 9 The Classification of Translation Acceptability No. Categories Data Number Total Percentage 1 Acceptable 001,004,006,009,010,011,012,013,014, 016,017,019,021,023,025,026,027,028, 031,033,034,035,036,037,038,039,040, 042,043,044,045,046,048,049,051,053, 054,056,057,058,068,070,076,077,078, 083,087,088,090,093,094,095,096,100, 103,104,105,106,108,109,110,115,119, 120,122,123,125,126 68 53.55 2 Less Acceptable 002,003,007,008,015,018,020,024,029, 030,032,041,047,050,052,060,061,064, 066,067,073,075,079,081,082,084,085, 086,091,092,098,101,113,116,117,118, 124 37 29.13 3 Unacceptab le 005,022,055,059,062,063,065,069,071, 072,074,080,089,097,099,102,107,111, 112,114,121,125 ,127 22 17.32 4 Total 127 127 100.00

C. Discussion