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master the methods and techniques of translation. Therefore, a translator should have many skills in translating the text in order to produce a good translation.
C. Process of Translation
Translation process is an activity of a translator when doing translation. In this case, Nida 1975:80 has three steps of translation process that can be used by the
translator: 1. Analysis, 2. Transferring, 3. Restructuring. The scheme can be seen as follows:
Source Language Receptor Language
Text Translation
Analysis Restructuring
Transfer
Process of Translation Nida, 1975:80
The process of analysis are, however, relatively complex, for they involve at least three different sets of features: the grammatical relationships between
constituent parts, the referential meanings of the semantic units, and the connotative values of the grammatical structures and the semantic units Nida, 1975:80.
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1. Analysis In this case, the translator should understand the message and the meaning of the SL
text based on the context, to decide the right word in traslating. Therefore, the translator must have the knowledge of the SL and TL culturally and linguistically.
2. Transfer A translator translates the analyzed meaning of the original language into the target
language. 3. Restructuring
A translator checks the transferred text or message in the target language. Therefore, it will sound natural and readable for the target reader.
D. Types of Translation
Actually, it is possible for the translator to apply more than one type of translation in translating one language to another. There are eight types of translation
suggested by Newmark, with some types emphasize on the SL and the other emphasize on the TL, as follows:
SL emphasis TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation Adaptation
Literal Translation Free Translation
Faithful Translation Idiomatic Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation
Newmark, 1988:45
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Newmark criticizes that equivalent effect is “illusory”. The conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on the SL and TL will always remain as the
overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap by applying semantic and communicative translation. He affirms that only semantic
and communicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation, which are accuracy and economy.
There are also other classifications of the types of translation. Larson 1998:17 classifies the two types of translation, literal and idiomatic translation.
Literal translation is the form-based translation that follows the form of the SL, both in the grammatical and in the diction. Meanwhile, idiomatic translation is the
meaning-based translation that attempts to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural form of the TL.
E. Translation Techniques
