4 Display writing which leads students to to write in an element of display writing. Written exercises and short answer essays are the
examples of activities in this category. 5 Real writing which aims to communicate a message to an audience.
This type of writing performance can occur in the academic, vocational or technical, and personal scope.
Every beginner writer starts to write from the basic activity such as imitative writing. This kind of activity gets the students to make letters,
words, and simple sentences. The next is intensive writing which focuses on grammar, vocabulary, or sentence formation, and not necessarily to
convey the meaning. Then in next levels, the students are allowed to produce their written products in the form of texts of several pageswhich
require better skill than the previous ones.
c. Principal for Designing Writing Technique
According to Brown 2001:346-348, there are a number of specific principles for designing writing techniques. They are:
1 Incorporate practice of “good writers” Teachers should consider the various things that efficient
writers do and their technique should include some of these practices. For example, good writers should focus on a goal or
main idea in writing, let their first ideas flow onto the paper, follow a general organisational plan as they write, utilize feedback on their
writing, revise their work efficiently, and patiently make as many revisions as needed.
2 Balance process and product. Because writing is a composing process and usually requires
multiple drafts before an effective product is created, teachers should lead the students through appropriate stages in the process
of writing. This includes careful attention to teacher’ own role as a guide and as a responder. At the same time, the teachers should not
get so caught up in stages leading up to the final product that lose sight of the ultimate attainment: a clear, articulate, well-organized,
effective piece of writing. Make sure the students see that everything leading up to this final creation was worth the effort.
3 Account for cultural literacy background Make sure that the techniques do not assume that the students
know English rhetorical conventions. If there are some apparent contrast between students native traditions and those that the
teacher are trying to teach, try to help students to understand what it is, exactly, that they are accustomed to and then, by degrees,
bring them to the use of acceptable English rhetoric. 4 Connect reading and writing.
Clearly, students learn to write in part by carefully observing what is already written. That is, they learn by observing, or reading,
the written word. By reading and studying a variety of relevant
types of text, students can gain important insight both about how they should write and about subject matter that may become the
topic of their writing. 5 Provide as much authentic writing as possible.
Whether writing is real writing or for display, it can still be authentic in that the purposes for writing are clear to the students,
the audience is specified overtly, and there is at least some intent to convey meaning. Sharing writing with other students in the class is
one way to add authenticity. Publishing a class newsletter, writing letters to people outside of class, writing a script for a skit or
dramatic presentation, writing a resume, writing advertisements-all these can be seen as authentic writing.
6 Frame your techniques in terms of pre writing, drafting and revising stages.
In teaching writing, the teacher should use the writing process that can be put on pre-writing, draft writing, and revising.
The pre- writing stage that encourages the generation of ideas can happen in numerous ways such as reading a passage,
brainstorming, discussing a topic or question and free writing. In addition, guided tasks are necessary to help students plan what they
want to write. In drafting and revising, students must be reminded that what they write in drafting is not a finished product that is
considered unchangeable, but it is flexible. Moreover they are
