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categorized as non-interactive speaking because there is no interaction directly among the people. The examples of planned speaking genre are such as lecture,
sermon and speech. Moreover, the unplanned speaking happens when people meet and do a conversation with somebody in the street.
2. Speaking Ability
Lado 1961 as cited in Ariandriani 2001: 10-11 defines speaking ability is the ability to express feelings in any situations, or the ability to express a
sequence of ideas grammatically correct using appropriate words. Furthermore, he adds that the speaking ability is influenced by the use of the signaling system
of pronunciation, stress, intonation, grammatical structure, and vocabulary of the foreign language in daily communication at a normal rate in speaking.
There are two main aspects of speaking skills as stated by Nunan 1999; for instances are accuracy and fluency. Accuracy means that the speakers are
required to use the correct vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Then, fluency means the ability to keep their speaking in spontaneous contexts.
However, it doesn’t mean that the speaker has to speak so fast because speaking too fast is not always understandable, so sometimes pausing is important in
speaking. Because speaking is important to learn in this language development by the students Lince and Nunan, 2005: 47, Nunan 1999 enlightens that pausing
in speaking in an aspect of fluency which may be needed but it should not be
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used in frequent times. Moreover, when the speaker speaks fluently, they should be able to get and communicate the message with any resources and abilities they
have got although the speakers make any grammatical and other mistakes in speaking.
The discussion above concludes that speaking ability is always related to communicating meaning of messages or expressions understandably and
correctly using grammar, vocabularies and pronunciation. Also, speaking ability itself can be stated as the ability to use the language accurately to express
meaning in order to transfer knowledge and information from among people in the whole life situation.
3. Types of Spoken Language
There are two primary types of spoken language presented by Brown 2001: 251, those are monologue and dialogue. In monologue, one speaker
speaks or uses spoken language in communicating meanings for any length of time without any interruption by the hearer. The hearer must comprehend what
the speaker says through the monologue. This type of spoken language is categorized into two subtypes. Those are planned and unplanned monologue.
Planned monologues are usually difficult to comprehend because the planned monologue provides more complicated words but it is less of redundancy.
Unplanned monologues provides more redundancy, which can make problems in comprehending the meanings, but the presence of speaking using unplanned
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monologue will make hearer easily comprehend or even make the hearer difficultly comprehend the meanings.
Furthermore, dialogue which consists of two or more speakers can be divided into those exchanges that promote social relationships interpersonal.
The purpose is to convey proportional or factual information transactional. Those subcategories are classified further into unfamiliar and familiar categories.
Moreover, speakers may have a good knowledge related to background information and schemata. Therefore the familiarity of the interlocutors will
produce conversations with more assumptions, implications, and other underlying meanings. In other words, with the unfamiliarity of the interlocutors, references
and meanings have to be made more explicit to ensure effective comprehension. The types of oral language by Brown 2001: 251 are presented in the figure
below.
Monologue Dialogue
Planned Unplanned
Interpersonal Transactional
Familiar Unfamiliar Familiar
Unfamiliar
Table 1: Types of Spoken Language by Brown 2001: 251
