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According to Bassnett 1991: 2 what is generally understood as
translation involves the rendering of a source language SL text into the target language TL.
Baker 1992:3 contends, “For some professional translation, translation is an art, which requires aptitude practice and general knowledge_ nothing more.”
Then, translation is a process of translating a language source language into another language target language without changing the meaning.
2.2.2 Types of Translation
There are some types of translation which are stated by Catford 1965, Nida and Taber 1969, and Simatupang 1999.
According to Catford 1965 there are very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria. The first criterion, the extent of translation, there are two
kinds of translation, full translation and partial translation. In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process: that is, every part of the SL text
is replaced by TL text material. In a partial translation, some parts or parts of the SL text are left untranslated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the
TL text. The second criterion, the grammatical rank at which the translation
equivalence is established, there are rank-bound translation and unbounded translation. Rank bound translation is translation which is total in the sense given
but in which the selection of TL equivalents is deliberately confined to one rank or a few ranks, low in the rank scale in the hierarchy of grammatical units.
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Unbounded translation, however, is normal translation in which equivalences is shift freely up and down the rank scale Catford: 1965.
The third criterion stated by Catford 1965 is the levels of language involved in translation. Based on this criterion, there are two types of translation,
they are total translation and restricted translation. By total translation we mean what is most usually meant by ‘translation’; that is, translation in which all levels
of the SL text are replaced by TL material. In other words, total translation can be defined as replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar and
lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonologygraphology by non- equivalent TL phonologygraphology. By restricted translation, we mean
replacement of SL textual material by equivalent TL textual material at only one level.
Nida and Taber 1969:202 assert this type of translation by dividing translation into literal translation and dynamic translation. Literal translation is
translation that is emphasized on the form. On the other hand, dynamic translation is translation that is emphasized on the meaning rather than form.
It is stated in theory of Simatupang that “translation is divided into two general types; they are literal translation, and non-literal translation or free
translation” 1999:39. From the explanation above, the writer concludes that every professional
has himself point a view of types of translation. Every type of translation has its own meaning that is based on certain criterion.
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2.2.3 Equivalence in Translation
