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find standard equivalents, give an explanation, or otherwise convey the authors intended meaning to the TL audience.
All of the studies, by Kustanti 2006, Nugroho 2008, Hidayati 2009 and Karimi, are about the equivalence in translation and the strategies. Kustanti
did a study about equivalence at word and above word level, Nugroho did a study about translation strategies, Hidayati’s study is about the textual equivalence in
translation, and Karimi’s study is about equivalents in translation involves decoding the SL text and an attempt to find an appropriate equivalent.
2.2 Review of Theoretical Studies
The following explanation is the review of theoretical studies, which is the base for the writer to do her study. This part discusses the definition of translation, types of
translation, and equivalence in translation.
2.2.1 Definitions of Translation
This point will discuss about the definitions stated by some professional translators and experts. They are J. C. Catford 1965, Mildred L. Larson 1984,
Peter Newmark 1991, Roger T. Bell 1991, Lance Hewson 1991, Basnett 1991, and Mona Baker 1992. The other definition will also be based on The
Merriam Webster Dictionary. Catford, says,” translation is the replacement of textual material in one
language source language by equivalent textual material in another language target language” 1965:20.
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Translation, by dictionary definition, consists of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s own or another’s language The Merriam
Webster Dictionary, 1974. Larson 1984:3 states, “Translation consists of changing from one state or
form to another to turn into one’s own or another’s language. In translation, the form of the surface structure of language is replaced by the form of the target
language. It is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of the second language by way of semantic structure.”
Newmark states that the term translation is confined to the written, and the term interpretation to the spoken 1991: 35.
Similar with Newmark, Bell 1991:13 says that if confined to a written language, translation is a cover term with three distinguishable meanings. The first
meaning is the word “translating”, which concerns on the process to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object. The second meaning is carried by “a
translation”, concerns on the product of the process of translating e.g. the translated text. The last meaning carried by translation is “translation” as the
abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process.
Translation can be defined as the individually and interculturally motivated choice according to TL socio-cultural norms of a TT by a mediator
among sets of homologically related paraphrastic options Hewson, 1991:33.
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According to Bassnett 1991: 2 what is generally understood as
translation involves the rendering of a source language SL text into the target language TL.
Baker 1992:3 contends, “For some professional translation, translation is an art, which requires aptitude practice and general knowledge_ nothing more.”
Then, translation is a process of translating a language source language into another language target language without changing the meaning.
2.2.2 Types of Translation
