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the students did not use pronouns to replace the words which is the central idea. Therefore, it produced over repetition of the words that sounded boring, as it can
be seen in the example below:
Many people like the dolphins very much. The dolphins are harmless, tame, and cute animals. The dolphins are not afraid to stay around people.
The dolphins are inteligent animals. The dolphins are able to count numbers and do some attractions. The dolphins can also help people see
Appendix E text 10.
This example introduced the omission of connecting words pronouns. The word dolphins was repeated over time and was not replaced with a pronoun.
The researcher provided a revision for the example above as follows:
Many people like the dolphins very much. They are harmless, tame, and cute animals. They are not afraid to stay around people. The
dolphins are inteligent animals. They are able to count numbers and do some attractions. They can also help people.
According to Langan 2011, pronouns are another way to connect ideas in which
using pronouns in place of other words can avoid repetition. The word dolphins could be replaced with pronoun they in order to avoid over repetition of dolphins.
3. Errors in Grammar
Table 4.3 showed the sub-category of errors, class of errors, sub-class of errors, and number of errors occurred in grammar.
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Table 4.3 Errors in Grammar Found in the Students’ Report Texts
No Sub-category of errors
Class of errors Sub-class of
errors Number of
errors
1 Singular-plural
Substitution of final -s
-es noun
Substitution of singulars for
plurals noun 34
Substitution of plurals for
singulars noun 4
Incorrect possesive case
omission of ‘s 7
Disagreement of basic subject and verb
23
Omission of Be verb Singular Be verb
5
Plural Be verb 4
Substitution of Be verb
Substitution of singular Be verb
for plural Be verb
4
Substitution of plural Be verb
for singular Be verb
3
2 Tense
Improper form of verbs in present tense
12 3
Word order Adjectival modifier
placed after noun 8
4 Article
Omission of article Omission of
article a 10
Omission of article an
1
Omission of article the
6
Substitution of article Substitution of
article a for an 5
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No Sub-category of errors
Class of errors Sub-class of
errors Number of
errors
5 Pronoun
Substitution of pronoun
substitution of personal
pronoun for reflexive
pronoun 4
Substitution of possesive pronoun
2 Substitution of
relative pronoun 3
6 Preposition
Omission of preposition
12
Substitution of preposition
8 Total
155
The total errors in grammar were 105. In table 4.3, there were six classifications of grammatical errors, which were singular-plural, tense, word
order, article, pronoun, and preposition. First, the errors in singular-plural could be subdivided into 5 parts. Those were substitution of final -s-es noun with 38
number of errors, incorrect possessive case with 7 number of errors, disagreement of basic subject and verb with 23 number of errors, omission of Be verb with 9
number of errors, and substitution of Be verb with 7 number of errors. Second, the errors in tense was the improper form of verbs in present tense with 12 number of
errors. Third, the errors in word order was the adjectival modifier placed after noun with 8 number of errors. Fourth, the errors of article were the omission of
article with 17 number of errors and substitution of article with 5 number of errors. Fifth, the errors in pronoun were the substitution of pronoun with 4 number
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of errors, substitution in possesive pronoun with 2 number of errors, substitution in relative pronoun with 3 number of errors. Lastly,
the errors in preposition were omission of preposition with 12 number of errors and substitution of preposition
with 8 number of errors. The complete examples of errors in organization were
presented in Appendix E.
a. Errors in Singular-plural
Errors in singular-plural comprised of several parts. The first part was substitution of final -s-es noun. The second one was incorrect possessive case.
Disagreement of basic subject and verb was the third part. The fourth one was omission of Be verb. The last one was substitution of Be verb.
1 Substitution of Final -s-es Noun
The substitution of final -s-es noun in the students’ report texts was divided into two parts. First, substitution of singulars for plurals was presented. In the
second place was substitution of plurals for singulars.
a Substitution of Singulars for Plurals Noun
Several substitution of singulars for plurals noun were found in the students’ report texts. Below were an example of substitution of singular for plural noun
and the better revision provided by the researcher: It has a scary face with big tooth. see Appendix E, text 3
revision: It has a scary face with big teeth.
In this example, the substitution of singular for plural noun occurred in the use of
tooth .
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b Substitution of Plurals for Singulars Noun
A few substitution of plurals for singulars noun were found in the students’ report texts. Following were the example of substitution of plural for singular
noun as well as the better revision from the researcher: The giraffe is the tallest animals in the world see Appendix E, text 9.
better revision: The giraffe is the tallest animal in the world.
As the example given, the substitution of plural for singular noun occurred in the
use of animals instead of animal. 2
Incorrect Possessive Case
There were a few incorrect possessive case found. The incorrect possessive
case includes one part only. It was the omission of ’s. a
Omission of ’ s
In the students’ report texts, The researcher discovered a few omission of ’s possessive form. The omission of ’s possessive form occurred in singular and
plural noun. Below were the example of omission of ’s possessive form as well as
the better revision provided by the researcher: The giraffe hind legs are very useful see Appendix E text 9.
revision: The giraffe’s hind legs are very useful.
As the example given, the omission of ’s possessive form occurred in singular
noun. As stated by Stanley 1991, to show possession, ’s must be added to a
singular noun. On the other hand, only an apostrophe should be added to a plural
noun that ended in -s and ’s should be added to plural nouns that did not end in -s.
