b. Character as seen by another
Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another 1972: 162.
c. Speech
The author gives an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he
is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the reader some clues to his character 1972: 164.
d. Past life
A person’s past life can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shapea person’s character. This can be done by a direct comment by author ,
through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person 1972: 166.
e. Conversations of others
The author can also give the reader a clue to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People do
talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about 1972: 167.
f. Reactions
The author can give the reader a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader know how the person reacts to various situations and events 1972:
168.
g. Direct comment
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly 1972: 170.
h. Thoughts
The author can give the reader direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. It can be seen by the readers but cannot be seen by other characters in
the story 1972: 171.
i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms and habits, which may also tell us something about his character 1972: 173
These are nine ways of the author’s attempt to describe the characteristics of the character. The writer uses several of the ways to describe the characteristics
of the character in Jane Austen’s Emma.
2. Theories of Major and Minor Character
According to Koesnosoebroto, character may be divided into two categories:
a. Major character
Major character can be the center of the story. Usually the acts in the story are focused to the character from the beginning to the end. Therefore, the study is
highlighted to the character’s experience.
b. Minor character
Minor characters appear in certain parts, just necessarily to become the background for the major character. Their roles are less important than the
major character but they cannot be ignored 1988: 23. According to Reaske, the main character in dramaticnarrative works is
inherently important because heshe is an active character who performs acts. We take a long hard look in himher in order to understand on the author’s
meaning. Heshe usually undergoes certain changes as result of the action in the story 1970: 169.
The minor characters in the narrative works are different from the appearance of the major character. Minor characters are characters that enter
and depart from action considerable frequency, and while they are often entertain dramatic, they are less important to the total significance of the
work. The minor characters can also act as supporting characters for the major character in the novel.
3. Theory of Character Development
E.M Forster says that character development is the changing of the character from the beginning until the end of the story. A character is developed
if she or he experiences a change from some aspect of disposition, personality, or outlook. He is not the same person as he was at the beginning of the story. He
changes into a new character. The changing depends on the condition and experiences as it is in the story 1974: 54.
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