B. Review of Related Theories
In this part, the writer would like to present the relevant theories. Those theories are theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, and
theory of character development. Those theories are useful because those theories help the writer to answer all the questions.
1. Theories of Character and Characterization
Since the problem formulation deals with the main character, first of all the writer considers that understanding the character well is needed in this study
because character has an important role in the novel. A character gives the readers a description about how the story flows thus
the readers can imagine what the story tells about. As Robert Stanton said “Every story essentially displays actions. To describe actions in a story, of
course, persons who do those actions are needed. In a story, persons who do actions are called characters. It is through the knowledge of fictional characters
readers can understand their actions and vice versa” 1965: 17. M. H Abrams gives a deeper definition of characters. He defines character
as “person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who possess moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue- and
what they do-the action-“1999: 21. Also, he states that fictional characters have the same characteristics as real human beings because they have
temperaments and moral that will become the motivations of their speeches and actions.
Milligan classifies fictional characters into two kinds based on their roles in a story. The first is major characters. Major characters are characters who
appear more often than the other characters in a story. Usually, from the beginning to the end of the story, those characters will become the focus. The
content of the story is focused on their experiences. They perform the important role in clarifying the theme of the novel. Therefore, the success of the novel is
laid on the performance of the major characters. The second is secondary character or minor character. Secondary or minor
characters are characters who appear in certain setting. They necessarily become the background of the major characters and their roles are less important than
that of the major characters because the focal experiences are on the major characters 1983: 155.
According to Rohrberger and Woods, characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other character.
The process by which an author creates the character is called characterization 1971: 20. Characterization refers to “the representation of persons in narrative
or dramative works”. Further, M.J Murphy provides nine ways on how the author presents the
characters, as follows:
a. Personal description
What the author means by personal description is that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in the story 1972: 161.
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