CONCLUSION The effect of the minor characters to the development of Emma in Jane Austen`s Emma.

Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House, 1971. Siwitanto, Laurentius. “Analysis on the Inconsistent Behaviour of the Main Character in Jane Austen’s Emma”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma, 2002. Stanton, Robert. An Introduction to Fiction. New York: Holt Rinchart and Winston Inc., 1965. THE EFFECT OF THE MINOR CHARACTERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMMA IN JANE AUSTEN’S EMMA AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By RENGGANIS HENDRYASARI Student Number: 094214019 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 ii THE EFFECT OF THE MINOR CHARACTERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMMA IN JANE AUSTEN’S EMMA AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By RENGGANIS HENDRYASARI Student Number: 094214019 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 vii “Flowers grow out of dark moments.” Corita Kent viii For My dearest parents Thank you for your spirit ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah. My deepest gratitude is given to Allah for answering my prayers with guidance so that I can complete this thesis. Without His blessing, I would not be able to complete this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. for being my thesis advisor. I thank him for guiding me patiently and giving me the best advice that I really need to finish this thesis. I also would like to say thanks to Maria Ananta Tri S., S.S., M.Ed., for being my co-advisor of this thesis who has read and given corrections to make this thesis better. I do not forget to address my thanks to Tatang Iskarna, S.S., M.Hum. and Elisa Dwi Wardhani, S.S., M.Hum. for being my academic advisor during my study. My special thank goes to my parents; Hery Purnomo and Indrianingsih, for their tireless support and prayers. And also thanks to my elder brother, Rangga, and my little sister, Lita. They will always be the best family in my life. To my good friends; Lola, Jane, Safiera, Christina ’Key’, Shiane, Tiffany, Dian, Veny, Niko, Alberd, Teguh, Wahyu, Danang, and Olivia thank you for the warm friendship, support, motivation, and times that we had. Thank you for always make me laugh during my hard times. To all my friends from English Letters, especially class of 2009, thank you for the experience and good times. Rengganis Hendryasari x TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….. ii APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………… iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH…………………………………………………………………. v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY…………………………………… vi MOTTO PAGE………………………………………………………… vii DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………….. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………. x ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………... xii ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………. xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………. 1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………… 1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………….. 3 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………… 3 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………. 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………. 5 A. Review of Related Studies…………………………………….. 5 B. Review of Related Theories…………………………………… 7 1. Theories of Character and Characterization…………………. 7 2. Theories of Major and Minor Character…………………………………………………… 10 3. Theory of Character Development…………………………. 11 C. Theoretical Framework………………………………………… 12 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………. 13 A. Object of the Study…………………………………………….. 13 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………. 14 C. Method of the Study……………………………………………. 14 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS……………………………………………... 16 A. Character of Emma Woodhouse……………………………….. 16 B. The Description of the Minor Characters…………………....... 23 C. How the Minor Characters Affect Emma’s Character Development…………………………………………………… 28 1. Changing Emma into a Modest Type of Person toward the Lower Class People………………………………………….. 28 2. Changing Emma into a Mature Woman…………………….. 34 3. Changing Emma’s Perspective of Marriage………………… 37 xi CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION………………………………………….. 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………... 45 xii ABSTRACT RENGGANIS HENDRYASARI. The Effect of the Minor Characters to the Development of Emma In Jane Austen’s Emma. Yogyakarta: Departement of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015. This thesis analyzes Jane Austen’s novel entitled Emma. The writer discusses the character development of Emma, the main character in the novel. Emma experiences the character changing affected by the minor characters. In this thesis, there are three problem formulations. The first problem is the character of Emma as the main character in the novel. The second is the description of the minor characters in the novel. The last is the effect of the minor characters toward Emma’s character development. This study uses library research to gain the data. The primary source of this research is Jane Austen’s novel entitled Emma. The other references are the previous studies about this novel and also some theories of character and characterization, theories of major and minor character, and theory of character development. This thesis uses New Criticism approach to analyze the character of Emma, the minor characters, and the effect of the minor characters to the development of Emma. The study finds out the effect of the minor characters toward Emma’s character development. The minor characters have a great contributions in shaping Emma’s character. Firstly, the writer finds that Emma’s character is beautiful, spoiled, generous, meddlesome, arrogant toward the lower class people, and insensitive toward her own feeling. As time goes by and the experiences she goes through, Emma finally changes into a mature woman. She also becomes a modest person toward lower class people. The minor characters such as; Mr. Woodhouse, Mr. Knightley, Frank Churchill, and Harriet Smith helps Emma through their criticism, advice, and suggestion. It makes Emma aware of what she has done. She gets new understanding about how to treat the lower class people. She also becomes aware about her own feeling that actually she loves Mr. Knightley. Her perspective about marriage then changes. She no longer thinks that social status is the important consideration for marriage. xiii ABSTRAK RENGGANIS HENDRYASARI. The Effect of the Minor Characters to the Development of Emma In Jane Austen’s Emma. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015. Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma. Penulis mendiskusikan perkembangan karakter Emma sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel. Emma mengalami perubahan karakter yang disebabkan oleh tokoh- tokoh minor. Dalam studi ini terdapat tiga rumusan masalah. Permasalahan pertama membahas karakter Emma sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel tersebut. Kedua adalah gambaran mengenai tokoh-tokoh minor dalam novel. Terakhir mengenai pengaruh tokoh-tokoh minor terhadap perkembangan karakter Emma. Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka untuk mendapatkan data- data yang diperlukan. Data utamanya adalah novel karya Jane Austen yang berjudul Emma. Referensi-referensi lainnya adalah studi yang telah ada sebelumnya mengenai novel tersebut. Selain itu, penulis juga menggunakan referensi tentang teori tentang karakter, pembentukan karakter, dan teori perkembangan karakter. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis juga menggunakan pendekatan New Criticism untuk menganalisa karakter Emma, tokoh-tokoh minor, dan pengaruh tokoh-tokoh minor terhadap perkembangan karakter Emma. Studi ini menemukan pengaruh lingkungan terhadap perkembangan karakter Emma. Tokoh-tokoh minor mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam pembetukan karakter Emma. Pertama, penulis menemukan karakter Emma adalah cantik, manja, dermawan, suka mencampuri urusan orang lain, sombong terhadap orang yang lebih rendah status sosialnya, dan tidak peka terhadap perasaannya sendiri. Seiring berjalannya waktu dan pengalaman yang dia lalui, Emma akhirnya berubah menjadi seorang wanita yang dewasa. Dia juga berubah menjadi seorang yang rendah hati terhadap orang yang lebih rendah status sosialnya. Tokoh-tokoh minor seperti; Mr. Woodhouse, Mr. Knightley, Frank Churchill, dan Harriet Smith membantu Emma melalui kritik, saran, dan nasihat mereka. Ini membuat Emma sadar pada apa yang telah dia lakukan. Dia memperoleh suatu pengertian baru tentang bagaimana seharusnya memperlakukan orang yang lebih rendah statusnya. Dia juga menjadi sadar pada perasaanya sendiri bahwa sebenarnya dia mencintai Mr. Knightley. Cara pandangnya tentang pernikahan pun berubah. Dia tidak lagi berpikir bahwa status sosial adalah pertimbangan utama dalam pernikahan. 1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is one of the works of art and it deals with human’s life and action. Literature can be used in expressing thoughts and feelings in life through the language. Some of the great novelists write their novels as a way to express their ideas on something existed in their daily life and society. Many people read literature because they want to get something for example enrich their experience in life, to merely enjoy them, to spend their time or even to get knowledge. According to Mayhead, literature can get us out of the track of weary routine by teaching us to understand something of human living. Reading has made us aware of new ways in looking at life and at the same time has enlarged our experience, enlarged our sense of what life 1981: 9. Life is complex since it deals with various matters and these complexities are apparently seen through literature. Hudson says that literature is a vital record of what men had seen in life, what they have thought and felt about those aspects which have the most immediate and enduring interest of all of us. Thus, it is fundamentally the expression of life through the medium of language. 1958: 10. The writer chooses one of Jane Austen’s novels entitled Emma to be analyzed in this study. The writer is interested in analyzing this novel because of the writer’s admiration to the classic novels that are situated in the early nineteenth century. The writer even read some of them, but Jane Austen’s Emma is the most favorite novel to the writer. Jane Austen is often regarded as one of the best English woman novelists in nineteenth century. She is a young lady who has a great talent in describing the involvements, feeling, and characters of ordinary life. In the whole of her life Jane Austen only wrote six novels: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion. Emma describes the life of the upper-middle class people, for instance, the landowner, farmer or people who are involved in business or trading. The story takes place in Highbury, a large and populous village. The landscape of Highbury is a landscape of property because there are many estates there. There is Hartfield, the home of the Woodhouses, where Emma lived with her widowed father. The Woodhouses is the most respectable family because they are “the first in consequence in Highbury” Austen, 1988: 7. There is also Donwell Abbey that belongs to Mr. Knightley and Randalls that belongs to Mr. Weston. Both are to be considered as the top in Highbury Society. There are other characters such as Mr. Elton, Harriet Smith, Frank Churchill, Miss Bates, Jane Fairfax, etc who considered as the lower class people. After reading the novel, the writer finds out that the main character has developed her character. It is interesting because the main character actually changes all of her ideal because the influence of the minor characters. Here, the writer tries to analyze Emma as the main character, Mr. Woodhouse, Mr. Knightley, Frank Churchill, and Harriet Smith as the minor characters and the development in Emma’s character as affected by the minor characters.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the background of the study and the title that the writer took, the writer develops question in order to examine the character development of the main character as affected by the minor characters. 1. How is Emma’s character described? 2. How are the minor characters described? 3. How do the minor characters affect Emma’s character development?

C. Objective of the Study

Firstly, the study aims to describe the character of the main character in the novel, Emma. Secondly, the study aims to describe the minor characters, Mr. Woodhouse, Mr. Knightley, Frank Churchill, and Harriet Smith. Lastly, the study aims to reveal the effect of the minor characters toward Emma’s character development.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to make the study more understandable, the terms that are related to the topic are going to be explained. The first term is character. According to Abrams, character is person presented in dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that is expressed in what he says – the dialogue – and by what he does – the action 1999: 20. The second term is major or main character. According to Stanton, a major character is character that may dominate the whole story and is presented frequently to develop from the beginning to the end 1965: 17. The third term is minor character. According to Stanton, minor character is presented to explain and to help other characters, especially the major character. He or she may become an important character in the story, yet he is still being the minor character to help the major or other minor characters’ development 1965: 17-18. The last term is character development. According to Barbara H. Lemme, development is defined as systematic changes in behavior over time that result from interaction between the individual and the external environment 1995: 8. 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

Since the novel is classified as a classic or old novel, some studies and criticisms related to the novel were made. The writer looks for some studies related to Emma in order to support this study. According to George Henry Lewes, the author presents characters clearly from their way of thinking, giving opinion, expressing feeling and behaving in her novel. Furthermore, he comments that it is easy for an artist to choose a subject from everyday life but not for her to represent the characters and their actions that they shall be at one lifelike and interesting. An artist can choose whenever ordinary people are introduced, they are either made to speak a language never spoken out of books, and to pursue conduct never observed in life. Otherwise, they are intolerably wearisome 1970: 7. Some research about this novel have been done before. The first has been done by Laurentius Siwitanto entitled Analysis on the Inconsistent Behaviour of the Main Character in Jane Austen’s Emma. The second has been done by Ninik Christianawati entitled The Influence of Other Character toward Emma’s Personality Development As Seen In Jane Austen’s Emma. The first researcher in his undergraduate thesis use the novel Emma as the object of the study. He focused on the main character in the novel. Siwitanto in his undergraduate thesis says This novel deals with a story of a smart girl who is misleading herself. During its process, she behaves inconsistent because firstly, she wishes others well but, in fact, her action are turning into ill-directed 2002: 8. Siwitanto found that this novel is interested to be analyzed because of Graham Hough‘s statement in the afterword of the novel that Emma is the only one that bear the name of its heroine and becoming the most perfect of Jane Austen’s novels Austen, 1816: 387. The story is composed by several characters and events that are woven together. The second analysis which is done by Ninik Christianawati is different from the previous researcher. In her undergraduate thesis The Influence of Other Character toward Emma’s Personality Development As Seen In Jane Austen’s Emma, she tried to find out the influence of the other character toward the main character development. Christianawati says The result of this study shows that Emma’s personality changes. The criticism and advice of Mr. Knightley brings great changes in Emma’s attitude and behaviour 2001: 58. Christianawati found that Emma’s personality has changed because the influence of Mr. Knightley. It is shows that the researcher only focuses on one character who influences the main character’s development. The difference between this study and the previous studies is this study is going to see deeper how the main character can be developed by the influences of the minor characters. It means that the writer not only focuses on one character who influences the main character’s development.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the writer would like to present the relevant theories. Those theories are theory of character and characterization, theory of setting, and theory of character development. Those theories are useful because those theories help the writer to answer all the questions.

1. Theories of Character and Characterization

Since the problem formulation deals with the main character, first of all the writer considers that understanding the character well is needed in this study because character has an important role in the novel. A character gives the readers a description about how the story flows thus the readers can imagine what the story tells about. As Robert Stanton said “Every story essentially displays actions. To describe actions in a story, of course, persons who do those actions are needed. In a story, persons who do actions are called characters. It is through the knowledge of fictional characters readers can understand their actions and vice versa” 1965: 17. M. H Abrams gives a deeper definition of characters. He defines character as “person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who possess moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say- the dialogue- and what they do-the action-“1999: 21. Also, he states that fictional characters have the same characteristics as real human beings because they have temperaments and moral that will become the motivations of their speeches and actions. Milligan classifies fictional characters into two kinds based on their roles in a story. The first is major characters. Major characters are characters who appear more often than the other characters in a story. Usually, from the beginning to the end of the story, those characters will become the focus. The content of the story is focused on their experiences. They perform the important role in clarifying the theme of the novel. Therefore, the success of the novel is laid on the performance of the major characters. The second is secondary character or minor character. Secondary or minor characters are characters who appear in certain setting. They necessarily become the background of the major characters and their roles are less important than that of the major characters because the focal experiences are on the major characters 1983: 155. According to Rohrberger and Woods, characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other character. The process by which an author creates the character is called characterization 1971: 20. Characterization refers to “the representation of persons in narrative or dramative works”. Further, M.J Murphy provides nine ways on how the author presents the characters, as follows:

a. Personal description

What the author means by personal description is that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in the story 1972: 161.

b. Character as seen by another

Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another 1972: 162.

c. Speech

The author gives an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the reader some clues to his character 1972: 164.

d. Past life

A person’s past life can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shapea person’s character. This can be done by a direct comment by author , through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person 1972: 166.

e. Conversations of others

The author can also give the reader a clue to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about 1972: 167.

f. Reactions

The author can give the reader a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader know how the person reacts to various situations and events 1972: 168.