35 quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The cases of it were presented in the
following example. 18.
“Welcome to our country Japan, Mam,” kata lelaki itu dengan tekanan yang
jelas asing. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8 19.
“Oh, it’s nothing. It’s nothing. No trouble at all,” sahutnya sambil
membungkukkan badan. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 8 20.
“Itu berarti bayi yang Anda kandung mempunyai pilihan. Good. It’s very good because that means he has a character
, ” kata Hilda lagi dalam bahasa
Inggris. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko, p. 36 In the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel, there was only a case
of the reason to quote someone‟s statements or expressions. The case of it was
presented in this example
, “I don’t have any shower, so you have to pour the water directly from the small bucket to your body.
” kataku. Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, p. 123
C. The Development of the Use of Code-Switching
From the types and reasons for using code-switching that the researcher found out from the data, the researcher used the data to see the development of the
use of code- switching cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series
novel, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel was published in 2000. Besides, the Pondok Baca
Kembali ke Semarang novel was published in 2011. Therefore, the researcher wanted to investigate the development of the use code-switching of those Nh.
36 Dini‟s novel during 11 years. The development of the use code-switching in those
novels was divided into two sections, the development of the types of code- switching cases in Nh. Dini‟s novels and the development of the reasons for using
code-switching in Nh. Dini‟s novels.
1. The Development of the Types of Code- Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s
Novels
As has been discussed previously, the researcher used McCormick‟s theory in investigated the types of code-
switching in Nh. Dini‟s novel. Based on McCormick‟s theory, the researcher then categorized the types of code-switching
into six types. Those types were single-word code-switching SW, phrase code- switching PH, clause code-switching CL, sentence code-switching SN,
integrated loanwords IL, and diglossic code-switching DG. Then, the development of the types of code-switching was represented in table 4.10.
Table 4.10 Number of Types of Code-Switching Cases in Nh. Dini’s novels.
No Novel
The Number of Cases SW
PH CL
SN IL
DG
1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko
116 31
1 7
2 -
2. Pondok Baca Kembali ke
Semarang 36
37 -
1 -
-
From the table 4.10, it could be seen that single-word code-switching SW cases in the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel were 116 cases. On the other
hand, the single-word code-switching SW cases in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel were only 36. It means that single-word code-switching SW
37 cases in those two novels were decreased year by year. Nh. Dini used more single-
word code-switching SW in her Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel more often than in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. It could be seen from the table
4.10 that the single-word code-switching cases decreased 80 cases by 11 years. The second was phrase code-switching PH. The Jepun Negerinya
Hiroko novel had 31 cases of phrase code-switching PH, while the second novel, Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang, had 32 phrase code-switching cases PH. It
means that phrase code-switching PH increased by 11 years, although it was only a case.
In clause code-switching CL, the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had a case of clause code-switching CL. On the other hand, the researcher could not
find any clause code-switching CL cases in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. Therefore, the researcher concluded that during 11 years, clause
code-switching CL cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series novels
decreased and disappeared anymore. The next was sentence code-switching. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko
novel had seven cases of sentence code-switching SN, while the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had one case. It means that during 11 years,
sentence code-switching SN cases decreased. In integrated loanwords code-switching, the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko
novel had two cases of integrated loanwords code-switching IL. On the other hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel did not have any integrated
loanwords code-switching IL cases. It could be concluded that integrated
