20 famous and talented female Indonesian writers. Besides, Nh. Dini has proven her
talent in writing by receiving some awards, such as SEA Write Award and Achmad Bakrie Award. Although she
is getting older, Nh. Dini‟s passion in writing never receded. She keeps on writing whenever and wherever she can do it.
Her writing is various, such as short stories, novels, and also biografies. Writing seems to be Nh. Dini‟s way of life. From writing, she can live her life. From
writing also, she can tell the readers about the reality of life, her life experiences, and also her care
to the environment. Writing seems to be Nh. Dini‟s best friend in telling her unspoken stories and desires. Since most of Nh. Dini‟s writing is about
her life stories, therefore Nh. Dini‟s writing style can be considered as feminist style. In addition, Nh. Dini also provides many code-switching cases in her
writing which become a space for readers to learn English by enriching new vocabularies used in the novel. The researcher analyzed the novel first, and then
she obtained the proof of the existence of code-switching by examining words, phrases, and sentences which combined two languages English and Bahasa
Indonesia. Since the researcher wants to analyze the development of code-switching
phenomena in Nh. Dini‟s of Memory Series novels, so the researcher employed the two novels, Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang.
This consideration was based on the need of adequate data, where the chosen novels have provided the sufficient evidence of the occurrence of a code-
switching phenomenon to analyze. After analyzing the data, the researcher found
21 that the code-switching p
henomenon in Nh. Dini‟s Memory Series novels is influenced by the setting of place of the novels.
C. Research Instruments
The characteristic of qualitative research is that the researcher is the main instrument in collecting and analyzing the data. Lincoln and Guba 1985, as cited
in Introduction to Research in Education: Sixth Edition by Ary, Jacobs, and Razavich 2002: 424, states
that „in qualitative research which dealt with human and situations, researcher needed a flexible instrument who could read the
documents, or talk with people or in other words studied the human experience.” Moreover, Lang 1993: 2 states that one of the distinguishing characteristics of
qualitative enquiry is that “the investigator is the principal „instrument‟ for data collect
ion.” From the statements, it can be said that only human instrument was competent in this undertaking. Then, human instrument and the document itself
were utilized to gain the data in this research.
D. Data Gathering Technique
In gathering data for this research, the researcher used library research. The technique used to help the researcher to gain the data. The researcher
employed library research which was based on theories proposed by some linguists to describe the types and reasons for code-switching. These theories then
would be used as the foundation to analyze the data which deal with the types and reasons for code-switching.
22
E. Data Analysis Technique
After gathering the data, then the data was analyzed. Since it was qualitative research, the nature of the data was in the form of words. In gaining a
qualified finding, the researcher followed the organized step in analyzing and organizing the qualitative research which were constructed by Creswell. Creswell
1998, as cited by Leedy and Ormord 2005 described a spiral data analysis which covered four steps, namely organizing the data, examining the data,
identifying general categories and classifying each piece of data, and integrating and summarizing the data. Then, the researcher adapted those steps to this
research. 1.
Organizing the data The researcher scanned
Nh. Dini‟s two editions of Memory Series novels, which are Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke
Semarang to identify words, phrase, clause, and sentence which contained code- switching. Before listing the data into observation checklist, the researcher
highlighted the code-switching cases from those two novels. 2.
Examining the data After reading and examining thoroughly the code-switching cases that
had been put in observation checklist, the researcher might have an early interpretation toward the phenomenon being discussed in this research.
3. Identifying general categories and classifying each piece of data
In this step, the researcher went through a detailed analysis.
