38 loanwords code-
switching IL cases in Nh. Dini‟s two editions of the Memory Series novel decreased and disappeared anymore during 11 years.
The last type of code-switching was diglossic code-switching DG. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had no diglossic code-switching DG case. The
same case also happened in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. This novel also did not have any diglossic code-switching case. It means that this type
of code- switching was unpopular to Nh. Dini‟s writing style.
Overall, the researcher found that the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had more code-switching cases than the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel.
The finding was based on some evidences. The setting of place and the characters in the novels influence the code-
switching cases found in Nh. Dini‟s novels. The Jepun Negeriya Hiroko had more code-switching cases because the setting of
place in the novel was mostly abroad, in Japan. Besides, the characters in the novel were mostly multilingual, therefore they tend to use code-switching in their
utterances. On the other hand, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang had fewer code-switching cases because the setting of place in the novel was in Semarang,
Indonesia. The characters in the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang were also indigeneous people who rarely switched their utterances to English.
2. The Development of the Reason for Using Code-Switching in Nh. Dini’s
Novels
Previously, the researcher stated that she used an approach based on the theory proposed by Crystal 1987 in determining the reason of code-switching.
39 Based on Crystal‟s theory 1987, the researcher concluded that there were three
reason of code-switching. Those reasons were to build good relation with the target readers GR, to express some words which did not have Indonesian term
EW, and to quote someone‟s statements or expressions QS. Then, the development of the reason of code-switching was represented in table 4.11.
Table 4.11 Number of Reasons for Using Code- Switching in Nh. Dini’s novels
No Novel
The Number of Cases GR
EW QS
1. Jepun Negerinya Hiroko
41 101
8 2.
Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang 36
32 1
In the Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel, there were 41 cases of code- switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers GR.
Besides, the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had 36 cases of code- switching‟s reasons for building good relation with the target readers GR. It
meant that during 11 years the code- switching‟s reasons for building good relation
with the target readers GR cases decreased up to five cases. The second was the code-
switching‟s reason for expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term EW. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel
had more cases of it than the Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel. The Jepun Negerinya Hiroko novel had 101 cases of code-
switching‟s reasons for expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term EW, while the
Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang novel only had 32 cases. From the result, it could be seen that code-
switching‟s reasons for expressing some words which did not have Indonesian term EW in those novels decreased up to 69 cases during 11
years.
