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example, an estimation, reckoning, or appraisal. It is essential to give a finding to something - fact or value - which is for different reasons hard to be certain about.
Exercitives are exercise of power, right, or influence. The examples are appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, and warning.
Commisives are typified by promising or otherwise undertaking; they commit the hearer to do something, but include also declaration or announcements
of intention, which are not promise, and also rather vague things which can be called espousal, as for example siding with. Behabitives are very miscellaneous
group, and have to do with attitudes and social behavior. The example are apologizing, congratulating, condoling, cursing, and challenging.
However, expositives are used in acts of exposition involving the expounding of views, the conducting of arguments and the clarifying of usages
and reference. Austin gives many examples of these, among them are: affirm, deny, emphasize, illustrate, answer, report, accept, object to, concede, describe,
class, identify and call .
3 Perlocutionary Act
Perlocutionary act is the effect of an utterance. It is what people bring about or achieve by saying something such as to get h to know, get h to do
something, get h to expect something, show pleasant and pleasant feeling, and praise Austin, 1969: 108. For example, if someone shouts, “Fire” and by that
act causes people to exit a building which they believe to be on fire, they have performed the perlocutionary act of getting h to exit the building. Meanwhile,
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Leech 1996:199 argues that the formulation of the perlocutionary act is by saying X, s convinces h that P. For example, by saying “I’ve just made some
coffee,”, the speaker performs perlocutionary act of causing the hearer to account for a wonderful smell, or to get the hearer to drink some coffee.
b. Searle’s Speech Act
Searle 2005: 23-24 starts with the notion that when a person speaks, heshe performs three different acts, i.e. utterance acts, propositional acts, and
illocutionary acts. Utterance acts consist simply of uttering strings of words. Meanwhile, propositional acts and illocutionary acts consist characteristically of
uttering words in sentences in certain context, under certain condition, and with certain intention. Searle classifies the illocutionary acts based on varied criteria as
the following:
1 Assertive or Representative
Searle 2005: 12 says that the purpose of the members of this class is to commit the speaker in varying degrees to something’s being the case, to the
truth of the expressed proposition. It describes states or events in the world such as an assertion, a description, a claim, a statement of fact, a report, and a
conclusion. Therefore, testing an assertive can be done by simply questioning whether it can be categorized as true or false. Kreidler 1998: 183 adds in the
assertive function speakers and writers use language to tell what they know or believe; assertive language is concerned with facts. The purpose is to inform. By
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performing an assertive or representative, the speaker makes the words fit the world belief. For examples:
1 The name of the British queen is Elizabeth.
2 The earth is flat.
The two examples represent the world’s events as what the speaker believes. Example 1 implies the speaker’s assertion that the British queen’s
name is Elizabeth. In example 2 the speaker asserts that heshe believes that the earth is flat.
2 Directive
The illocutionary point of this category shows in the fact that it is an attempt by the speaker to get the hearer to do something Searle, 2005: 13. He
adds it includes some actions, such as commanding, requesting, inviting, forbidding, ordering, supplicating, imploring, pleading, permitting, advising,
contradicting, challenging, doubting and suggesting. In addition, Yule 1996: 54 states it expresses what the speakers want. By using a directive, the speaker
attempts to make the world fit the words. Leech 1996: 105-107 also defines directive as an intention to produce some effects through an action by the hearer.
The following sentences are the examples of directive speech acts: 1
You may ask. 2
Would you make me a cup of tea? 3
Freeze Example 1 is a suggestion that has a function to get the hearer to do
something as what the speaker suggests, i.e. suggests someone to ask. Meanwhile, in example 2, in saying an interrogative sentence, the speaker has an intention to
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perform a request that has a function to get the hearer to do something that the speaker wants, i.e. requests someone to make himher a cup of tea. The speaker
does not expect the hearer to answer the question with ‘yes’ or ‘no’, but the action of making himher a cup of tea. Example 3 is a command to get the hearer to act
as what the speaker wants, i.e. commands someone to freeze something.
3 Commissive
Searle 2005: 14 suggests that commissive refers to an illocutionary act whose point is to commit the speaker again in varying degrees to some future
course of action, such as promising, offering, threatening, refusing, vowing, engaging, undertaking, assuring, reassuring and volunteering. Yule 1996: 54
and Leech 1996: 105-107 add it expresses what the speaker intends. Further, Kreidler 1998: 192 explains that commissive verbs are illustrated by agree, ask,
offer, refuse, swear, all with following infinitives. A commissive predicate is one that can be used to commit oneself or refuse to commit oneself to some future
action. The subject of the sentence is therefore most likely to be I or we. The examples are as follows:
1 We’ll be right back.
2 I’m going to love you till the end.
The content of the commissives has something to do with a future and possible action of the speaker. The modal will or to be going to in certain rules,
contexts and situation signifies a promise in which it is considered as commisive. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
