Maxim of Manner The Cooperative Principle

18 good time in the party that B is obviously too excited and has no idea where to begin. The second interpretation is B has such a terrible time and B does not know how to complain about it. In this example, B is not only ambiguous which means B is violating maxim of manner, but also give more information than it is asked by A which means B is violating maxim of quantity at the same time. Unlike the violation of maxims, which takes place to cause misunderstanding on the part of the listener, the flouting of maxims takes place when individuals deliberately cease to apply the maxims to persuade their listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind the utterances; that is, the speakers employ implicature S. C. Levinson, 1983. In the case of flouting exploitation of cooperative maxims, the speaker desires the greatest understanding in hisher recipient because it is expected that the interlocutor is able to uncover the hidden meaning behind the utterances. People may flout the maxim of quality so as to deliver implicitly a sarcastic tone in what they state. The example of flouting maxim can be seen below. 9 Teacher: To a student who arrives late more than ten minutes to the class meeting Wow You’re such a punctual fellow Welcome to the class. Student: Sorry, Sir It won’t happen again. It is obvious from what the teacher says that he is teasing the student and his purpose is, by no means, praising him. He exploits the maxim of quality being truthful to be sarcastic. Likewise, the student seems to notice the purpose behind the teacher’s compliment and offers an apology in return. Furthermore, individuals can flout the maxim of quantity to be humorous. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 19

3. Implicature

Grice states that implicature is what a speaker can imply, suggest or mean as distinct from what heshe literally says 1975: 24. It is an implied message that is based on the interpretation of the language use and its context of communication. There are two kinds of implicature, that are conventional implicature and conversational implicature.

a. Conventional Implicature

Conventional implicature happens when the speaker is presenting a true fact in a misleading way. It is associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used Yule, 1996: 45. It actually does not have to occur in conversation, and does not depend on special context for the interpretation. It can be said that certain expressions in language implicate ‘conventionally’ a certain state of the world, regardless of their use. For example, the word last will be denoted in conventional implicature as ‘the ultimate item of a sequence’. The conjunction but will be interpreted as ‘contrast’ between the information precedes the conjunction and the information after the conjunction. The word even in any sentence describing an event implicates a ‘contrary to expectation’ interpretation of the event.

b. Conversational Implicature

It is another level at which speaker’s meaning can differ from what is said, depends on the context of conversation. In conversational implicature, meaning is conveyed not so much by what is said, but by the fact that it is said. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI