4
B. Research Problem
The study aims to address the following research question: 1.
What are the Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures found in Djenar’s
Melukis Jendela?
C. Problem Limitation
In this study the researcher sets some parameters in order to obtain the deep and content answers from the research problem without going out of the
boundary. This study focuses on the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet which are applied
in Djenar’s Painting a Window. There is one main point to be concerned in this study. The main point is the
occurence of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures in the translation of Djenar’s Painting a Window. However, there is an additional point that can also
be concluded after finding the results of the first point. The additional point that can be added what the
most applied procedure in Djenar’s Melukis Jendela is. The results of these two important points will be presented as a precentage.
Data calculation will be the main task for the researcher to answer the research problem.
D. Research Objectives
Based on the problem limitation, this study has two objectives. The first objective is that this study aims to first, analyse the translation procedures applied
in Djenar’s Painting a Window using Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation
5 procedures. Moving on to the second objective of this study is that it aims to point
out the most applied procedure proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in the translation
of Djenar’s short story .
E. Research Benefits
This study is expected to have valuable contributions heartily for ELESP English Language Education Study Program students, readers who put interest
in fictional piece and translated fiction, and for future researchers.
1. ELESP Students
This study might be useful and valuable for Sanata Dharma ELESP students to become critical and aware of the expansions and reductions in translation.
Further contribution of this study for students of ELESP is to expand and enrich their knowledge on translation study.
2. Readers
Readers who enjoy reading fictional work and translated fictional work, it is expected that this study could give valuable information about measuring a good
translated fictional work.
6
3. Future Researchers
Other researchers who will be discussing issues in translation especially the translation of fictional work, it is hoped that this study would be able to provide
sufficient data and information for the research.
F. Definition of Terms
This section provides some definition of terms related to this study.
1. Translation
Meetham and Hudson 1972 as cited by Bell 1991 define translation as the replacement of a representation text in certain language by the most likely
best representation of the text in the other language p.6. Synthesizing from what Meetham and Hudson said, translation here could be defined as an equivalence
representation of a text derived from the source language into the target language.
2. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Translation Procedures
This study uses Vinay and Darbelet’s translation procedure as a core of analy
sis to get the precentage of occurence of theie procedure in Djenar’s Painting a Window. The following list are the procedures proposed by Vinay and
Darblenet’s.
7 The following list are the procedures proposed by Vinay and Darblenet’s.
1. Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest procedure of all translation procedures proposed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. The nature of borrowing is to introduce
the element of the source language into the target language by simply borrows the original words Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:84.
2. Calque
A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements
Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:85.
3. Literal Translation
This procedure directly transfers the source language into the target language. Literal translation procedure is most commonly used when translating
between two languages of the same family Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:86.
4. Transposition
Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class of certain elements of translation Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:88.
8 5.
Modulation The fifth translation procedure is the modulation procedure. Modulation
procedure let the translator to translate the source language in different points of view Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:89.
6. Equivalence
Equivalence enables the translator to observe the message certain unfamiliar phrases or idioms from the source language and then translate it into the
commonly used phrases or idioms in the target language Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:90.
7. Adaptation
The last translation procedure is called adaptation. In general, adaptation procedure is adapting certain segment of source language and then applied the
adopted worh in the target language Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:90. The researcher used these procedures as the guidance to analyze and
calculate the occurence of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures.
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section contains the theories in relevance with the subject matter. The second section of this chapter presents
the synthesis of the first section, which is theoretical description. The synthesis of the theoretical description will be used to solve the research problem of the study.
A. Theoretical Description
In this part, the researcher explains some theories employed in this study. There are definition of translation and Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean
Darbelnet’s translation procedures.
1. Translation
Meetham and Hudson as cited by Bell 1991 define translation as the replacement of a representation text in certain language by the most likely best
representation of the text in the other language p.6. Synthesizing from what Meetham and Hudson said, translation here could be defined as an equivalence
representation of a text derived from the source language into the target language. According to Cartford 1965, translation is an operation of text substitution in
one language to another p.1. By Catford definition, it can be clearly seen that there is a linkage between languages engaged in the translation process. Catford
10 added that the linkage between the languages offer a condition where any theory
of translation must be related to a theory of language p.1. On the other hand, Larson 1984 simply said that translation is a change of
form. Further, Larson explained that the form of the SL which changed, is replaced by the form of the receptor target language p.3. The replacement of
the SL form to the receptor language TL form indicates a change of form. In his book Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence
1984, Larson described how the change is accomplished. It is done by going from the form of the SL to the form of the TL within the semantic area p.3. It
means that it is only the form which changes and the meaning being transferred must be the same with the original form. The following figure is the visualization
of translation process according to Larson p.4.
Figure 2.1 Translation Process Larson, 1984;4
SOURCE LANGUAGE
MEANING
RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Re-express the meaning
Discover the meaning
Translation Text to be translated
11 Larson further explains, a translator needs to learn about every aspects of
language, such as lexicon, grammar, cultural context and communication situation 1984;4. The text need to be analyzed in order to establish the meaning and then
transfer it to TL appropriately on behalf of every language aspects. It is on the translator’s hand to choose the most agreeable definitions of translation proposed
by the expertise. The ultimate goal of translation is to deliver the meaning of the text in a natural way, no matter what side translator stand behind.
Larson 1984, p.6 presented three criteria of the best translation.The first one is that best translation uses normal language form of the target language.
When a translation uses a normal form of the target language, the translation language forms will become more natural. Second is the generous amount of
communication between the target language speaker and the source language speaker using the same meaning that was understood by both groups. The last one
is to maintain the dynamics of the source language text originality. Maintaining the dynamics of the source language text originality means that the translation can
hopefully evoke the respose in the same way as the source language did.
2. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Translation Procedures
a. Borrowing
In general speaking, borrowing is the the simplest of all translation methods. Vinay and Darlbernet 1958, p.84 agreed that borrowing is the
proper method to overcome a lacuna or gap. p.84 This method can be applied to
12 introduce a characteristic of the culture that was delivered in the source language
into a foreign term. For example, some Italian and German food names such as pizza and lasagna or frankfurter and bratwurst. As a Bahasa Indonesia speaking
country, Japanese words like tsunami and karaoke are already familiar. As Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 said that, many borrowings enter a language through
translation. New borrowings are waiting to enter a language when the decision to borrow a source language SL word or expression for introducing an element of
local color is a matter of style and consequently of the message SL: I ate pizza yesterday.
TL: Saya makan pizza kemarin. As can be seen above, the linguistic features are the same as the source language
text and target language.
b. Calque
Calque is a translation of the word-by-word literal of a phrase or even a word in the source language into the target language by maintaining a sequence of
linguistic units phrase or word original. Calque produces linguistic forms meaning and structure of the phrase on the same target language to the source
language Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:85. This is actually a loan that was translated literally without changing the composition of the morpheme or word.
Consider the following example: English
: Antibody Indonesian : Antibodi
13 English
: Blue blood Indonesian : Darah Biru
English : Spiderman
Indonesian : Spiderman In Bahasa Indonesia it is possible to literary translate it into Manusia Laba-
laba. Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The
result is either a i lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of
expression; or ii a structural calque, as in the second example, below, which introduces a new construction into the language, e.g.:
English-French calque Adam’s Apple -
pomme dAdam English-Latin calque
Rest in Peace - requiescat in pace Almost similar to borrowing, calque translates the source language into the
target language without adding any necessary changes. The examples above are called structural calque translation. English and French do not share the same root
language, that is why there are some differences in the translation, structurally. However, these small differences do not change the meaning and the message of
the translation at all. It will be a different case when French and Italian are compared since they are basically share the same root language and even cultures.
14 On the other hand, as English and Latin shares the same root since the root
of English is Latin, there is no difference in the translation, structurally. The researcher does not need to make any adjustment to the translation since they
share the same structural arrangement. Therefore, it is easier to apply calque procedure when the source language and the target language share the same root
language. As with borrowings, there are many fixed calques which, after a period of
time, become an integral part of the language. These too, like borrowings, may have undergone a semantic change, turning them into faux amis.
c. Literal Translation
The next translation procedure of Jean- Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s
translation procedures is the literal translation. Literal translation procedure also known as word to word translation is the commonly used translation procedure
among all Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:86. This procedure lets the translator to directly translate the source language into the target language into grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate translation. Below is the example of a literal translation.
SL: Yesterday I met Mary in the canteen. TL: Kemarin saya bertemu Mary di kantin.
It is obvious that the sentences above, both the source language sentence and the target language sentence share the same grammatical structure. Each word
in the target language translation is translated exactly the same translation of the
15 source language sentence. That is why literal translation procedure is also known
as word to word translation. This translation procedure is also known as the simplest procedure of all
Jean- Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s translation procedures. Borrowing becomes
the simplest procedure out of all translation procedures simply because it limits the translation only to observe the language and translate the word into the best
closest translation of the target language. However, there are five important indicators which can measure when the
use of literal translation procedure is unacceptable. Literal translation procedure is unacceptable when it: i gives another meaning ; ii has no meaning, or; iii is
structurally impossible, or; iv does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the target language, or; v has a corresponding
expression, but not within the same register. When these five indicators occured, translator must turn the method into the oblique translation. These indicators do
not necessarily appear all together in a translation. However, when one of the indicators appears in a translation, then the translation should be considered as an
unacceptable translation.
d. Transposition
Another translation procedure is transposition. It is a procedure that can change the arrangement of the words in the sentence. Its main characteristic is to
change the type of the verb into a noun or vice versa. Yet, this procedure does not necessarily change the meaning of the sentence. In fact, every word class changes,
16 for example from a noun into a verb, an adjective into an adverb, can be called
transposition Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:88. See the following example:
SL: Setelah dia berdiri, saya menjatuhkan sendok tersebut. TL: As soon as he gets up, I dropped the spoon.
In the above example, setelah belongs to preposition word class which means after. Setelah is translated into the target language as as long as. As long as
on the other hand, is a conjuction. It is obvious that the original word from the source language which belongs to the preposition word class is changed into a
conjuction. From a stylistic point of view, the base and the transposed expression do not
necessarily share the same value. Translators must, therefore, choose to carry out a transposition if the translation thus obtained fits better into the utterance, or
allows a particular nuance of style to be retained. Indeed, the transposed form is generally more literary in character.
e. Modulation
Modulation is a transposition that leads to different points of view within the target language TL. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or
even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL Vinay and Darbelnet,
1958:89. SL: Youre quite a stranger.
17 TL: Kamu orang yang aneh.
The above example shows modulation from English to Bahasa Indonesia. Strangers in the example above particularly carries the meaning of a weird guy,
instead of the literal meaning which is an outsider. Therefore, the word aneh which literally means weird, can be used to translate the word stanger.
f. Equivalence
Equivalence or equivalent further distance to the linguistic form of the source language Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:90, Note that the use of word
equivalence or equivalent here has completely different meanings the word equivalence or equivalent in the discussion of translation theory in
general.With this procedure, the translator said wear style and different structures with subtitles sources. This is usually used to translate proverbs, idioms, or the
like. Consider the following examples: SL : It rains cats and dogs.
TL : Hujannya sungguh lebat. SL: Joko tertangkap tangan mencuri kalung.
TL: Joko caught redhanded stealing the necklace. Rain cats and dogs is an English idiom. The real meaning of hujan lebat is
heavy rain. In this case, the translator needs to use the equivalence procedure to deliver the closet equivalence of the idiom. The example of the proper translation
for idioms can be seen from the examples above.
18 The second example is similar to the first one. Tertangkap tangan is an
Indonesian idiom which means someone getting caught doing something. The best english word to translate this idiom is redhanded. Joko got caught when he
tried to steal a necklace. From this sentence, it is clear that Joko is redhanded stealing a necklace. It can be concluded that the use of the equivalence procedure
in both idioms are well executed. Each country has different idioms and this is where equivalence translation
procedure becomes the most efficient procedure to be used as a translation procedure. Equivalence translation procedure enables the translator to observe the
idiom and find the meaning of the idiom in the source language. The next step is, the translator needs to find an idiom in the target language which shares the same
meaning as the idiom from the source language.
g. Adaptation
Last procedure according to Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 is an adaptation. Linguistic form meaning of words and sentence structure generated target
language text further than the equivalence results. Adaptation is done if the situation described in the source language text is not in the target language culture
Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:90. This procedure enables the translator to adapt the situation so that it can describe events equivalent in the target culture with the
events described in the text of the source language. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a
situational equivalence. The refusal to make an adaptation is invariably detected
19 within a translation because it affects not only the syntactic structure, but also the
development of ideas and how they are represented within the paragraph. Even though translators may produce a perfectly correct text without adaptation, the
absence of adaptation may still be noticeable by an indefinable tone, something that does not sound quite right.
B. Theoretical Framework
This section presents the framework of the discussion using some relevant theories. The aim of this section is to solve the reserarch problem, related to the
translation procedure used in Djenar’s Melukis Jendela. The first problem focuses on the
occurence of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures in Djenar’s Melukis Jendela. The second problem focuses on the procedure which
most widely applied in the translation. In this case, the researcher employs some calculations in order to narrow down the data and points out the most
applied procedure. The researcher applies Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s translation
procedures theories. There are two methods which translator can choose from Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures, namely direct, or literal translation
and oblique translation. Using Vinay and Darbel net’s translation procedures,
translator can transpose the source language message from substant to substant into the target language. The basic of using this way are i parallel categories,
cope the structural parallelism field, or ii on parallel concepts, which are the
20 result of metalinguistic parallelisms. In this phase, translator can apply the direct
method. It possible for the translator to find gaps or lacunae during the process of
translating the source language into the target language. In his book, Vinay and Darbelnet’s also states that it is possible that certain stylistic effects cannot be
transposed into the target language without violating the syntactic order and any small elements of the language. This happens because of the difference of the
structural or metalinguistic. Vinay and Darblenet p.1 In this case more advanced methods need to be used to overcome the
problem. This advanced method used to overcome the lacunae during the translation process called oblique translation.
21
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher discussed the method used in this study to solve the research problem. The discussion consists of some parts, namely, the
research method, research subjects, instruments and data gathering techniques, data analysis techniques, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
Kategori