27
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts where the researcher discusses the results of the research. There is an additional part which has a relation with the main
part. The main part discusses the translation procedures used in Djenar Maesa Ayu’s Melukis Jendela. Whereas the additional part points out the occurence of
the procedures in Painting a Window. The researcher calculated the results and presented it as a calculated data in a form of precentage.
A. Vinay and Dalbernet Translation Procedures in Djenars Painting
a Window
Research results section contains the data collected from Djenar’s Painting a Window. The data were categorized into different group according to Vinay and
Darbelnet’s theory on Translation Procedures. In categorizing the data, the researcher uses the methods described in the previous chapter, Methodology. The
researcher underlined the sentences, phrases, or words in the source and target language for the parts using V
inay and Darbelnet’s certain translation procedures. Table 4.1 contains the list of data sentences, phrases, and words from Painting a
Window which used Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures.
28 The sample of the data collection results can be seen from the following tables:
a. Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest procedure of all translation procedures proposed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. The nature of borrowing is to introduce
the element of the source language into the target language by simply borrows the
original words. Table 4.1 Sample Data of Borrowing Procedure
SL.003 Maka ia mulai
melukis seorang ibu, bersanggul dan
berkebaya emas dengan selendang
coklat muda yang kontras dengan kain
berwarna coklat tua yang dikenakannya,
sedang duduk memangku Mayra
sambil menatap mata Mayra hangat
dan mesra. TL.003
So she began to paint a mother,
with hair done up in a formal bun and
wearing a golden kebaya and a light
brown scarf contrasted with the
brown saroong that she wore. In the
painting she was sitting with Mayra
on her lap, gazing into her daughters
eyes affectionately. Borrowing
29 SL.024
Wah… Anton KO sama cewek
TL.024 Whoa Anton got
knocked out by a girl
Equivalence
Table 4.1 shows that the translation used borrowing procedure. It can be seen from the word kebaya which is literally translated into the original word
kebaya . As Vinay and Darbelnet’s points out that borrowing introduces the taste
of the source language’s culture or tradition, Garcia applied borrowing properly to translate kebaya. By applying this procedure, the readers will gain an opportunity
to learn about Indonesian culture. The second example in SL.024 is KO which is basically an English
abbreviation for knocked out. In this sentence, the translator did not make any dramatic change despite breaking down the abbreviation into the original phrasal
word of knocked out. KO or knocked out is obviously a borrowing from English to Bahasa Indonesia.
b. Calque
A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The
result is either a i lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of
expression; or ii a structural calque.
30
Table 4.2 Sample Data of Calque Procedure
SL.073 Ia meluapkan
kegembiraannya. TL.073
She let her joy bubble over, …
Calque
SL.079 Ayah dan Ibu
menciumnya bertubi- tubi.
TL.079 Mommy and Daddy
kissed her over and over again.
Calque
The idea of calque procedure is to deliver an expression form then translates it into the target language without violating the linguistics structure. Generally
almost the same as borrowing but calque procedure enables the translator to deliver it using the target language.
SL.073 shows an expressions of joy from the word kegembiraan. It is not an ordinary joy but the overflowing one, as further described by using the verb
meluapkan. In TL.073 the translator used the word bubble over to deliver the message of the overflowing feeling that Mayra experienced. The translator put it
together in a sentence into “She let her joy bubble over, ...” which best described what Mayra felt. The same case happened in TL.079 where the word bertubi-tubi
which means non-stop is translated into over and over again.
c. Literal
The third procedure of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures is literal translation procedure. Literal translation procedure is most commonly used
31 when translating between two languages of the same family. This procedure
directly transfers the source language into the target language.
Table 4.3 Sample Data of Literal Procedure
SL.006 Ia mendengar Ibu
dengan lembut mengatakan segalanya
akan membaik esok hari.
TL.006 She heard her mother
softly say everything would be better
tomorrow. Literal
SL.051 Ia tersenyum. TL.051 She smiled.
Literal SL.057
Sudah hampir dua tahun sejak Mayra
menyayat mukanya. TL.057
It was almost two years since Mayra cut
her face. Literal
SL.062 SL.062
Siang itu Mayra sangat bahagia.
TL.062 TL.062
That afternoon Mayra was very happy.
Literal Literal
There are several examples of literal translation in table 4.3. In SL. The sentences from table 4.3 are transalated word to word from Bahasa Indoneasia to
English. The most obvious example is from SL. 051. Ia tersenyum, the word ia refer to Mayra so the pr
onoun is “she” and tersenyum is a verb meaning smile in English. Then, the final literal translation for “Ia tersenyum.” is “She smiled.” The
same procedure applied in SL.057 and SL. 062. There is one example of quite complex version of litereal translation, which can be seen in SL. 006. Nothing
complicated but there is one word which needs more elaboration to be translated
32 in English. The word Ibu which means mother, gets some additional replacement
to make a clear point that it refers to Mayra’s mother. In this transalation, the translator uses possesive noun and translated as “... her mother.”
d. Transposition
Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class of certain elements of translation.
Table 4.4 Sample Data of Transposition Procedure
SL.080 Mayra merasa geli
dan girang. TL.080
It tickled her … Transposition
SL.116 Kepada Ayah dan
Ibu ia sudah tidak punya pengharapan
apa-apa. TL.116
She had no more expectations
whatsoever of her mother and father.
Transposition
SL.124 Bayangan rambut hitam laki-laki yang
tergerai hingga dada menari-nari tertiup
angin di atas kuda putih tak berpelana.
TL.124 In her imagination the man rode
bareback on a white horse. His black hair
hung down his chest, dancing in the
wind. Transposition
33 Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class without
changing the meaning or message. As can be seen in TL.080 Where the subject is Mayra, in the source language, the translator moved it all the way around. The
translator change Mayra as the object and the action that tickled her as subject without changing the meaning or message.
The same action of swifting the subject all the way into object occured in TL.116 and TL.124. In SL.116 it is the father and mother playing the role as a
subject in the sentence but then the translator change it to an object and vice versa. As in TL.080 and TL.116, TL.124 also applied the same method of changing the
subject into the object and vice versa. In TL.124, Mayra’s imagination plays a role as a subject and the imaginary man as an object.
e. Modulation
The fifth translation procedure is the modulation procedure. Modulation procedure let the translator to translate the source language in different points of
view. Once again, this procedure is free to use as long as it does not violate the meaning or the message from the source language.
Table 4.5 Sample Data of Modulation Procedure
SL.021 Mereka kembali
tertawa sambil memegangi perut.
TL.021 They all started
laughing again, and grabbed her around
the midriff. Modulation
34 SL.117
Ia sudah menerima bahwa kenyataan
itulah yang mutlak ia telan bulat-bulat.
TL.117 She had already
accepted this was reality, she had to
swallow it unconditionally.
Modulation
The fourth procedure is called modulation. It is simply applied by changing the point of view without violating the message. SL.021 delivers a simple
message of the boys laughing at Mayra. Then, in TL.021 some changes were made where the translator added some more words to points out some details of
the actions. Eventhough there were some addition in the sentence, it does not
necessarily changed the message from the source language. The traslator added “again” as the boys laughed several times before. There are some more words
added to let the readers get some insights and visualization regarding the action. The changes can be seen from this little part of the sentence, “ ... grabbed her
around the midriff.” TL.117 also used the same method of delivering message by using transposition procedure.
f. Equivalence
Idioms are usually translated by using equivalence procedure. Equivalence enables the translator to observe the message certain unfamiliar phrases or idioms
35 from the source language and then translate it into the commonly used phrases or
idioms in the target language.
Table 4.6 Sample Data of Equivalence Procedure
SL.020 Biar kami garap
sekalian TL.020
We should have a go at her too
Equivalence
SL.141 Seperti kerbau dicucuk hidungnya
mereka mengikuti langkah Mayra
menuju kantin. TL.141 Like water buffaloes
led by the nose, they followed her steps to
the canteen. Equivalence
There are two samples presented in table 4.6 . The first one is the word garap which is translated into water have a go in SL. 020. The word garap is an
expression which carries a meaning getting an act on something. In SL. 020 the word garap is translated into have a go which have the same equivalence as
getting an act on something. SL.141 is a unique example of equivalence as the original source is using
Indonesian proverb. Vinay and Darbelnet in his book suggested that it is better to translate a proverb using equivalence procedure. The reason behind it is that as it
is a local proveb that might contains some cultural knowledge and meanings, translator does not w
ant to deliver a wrong message. The equivalence of “Seperti kerbau dicucuk hidungnya
...” is best translated into “Like water buffaloes led by the nose ...”
36
g. Adaptation
The last translation procedure is called adaptation. In general, adaptation procedure is adapting certain segment of source language and then applied the
adopted worh in the target language. Adaptation enables the translator adapt the situation so that it can describe events equivalent in the target culture with the
events described in the text of the source language.
Table 4.7 Sample Data of Adaptation Procedure
SL.173 Mereka lebih mirip
bidadari ketimbang anak manusia.
TL.173 … looking more like
fairies than human children.
Adaptation and Calque
Note: SL: Source Language; TL: Target Language
Table 4.7 shows that Garcia used adaptation procedure to translate bidadari into fairies. Bidadari in Indonesia is illustrated as a princess or a goddess from
heaven than fairy is a type of mythical being which is illustrated as a small sparkly creature with wings. In conclusion, bidadari and fairy are two different
kind of creatures. The discussion is given to each points of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation
procedure in general. This section presents the calculation of the occurrence frequency of each translation procedure. Some examples will are already
explained in section A of this chapter. This section will mainly discuss the percentage
of occurence of Vinay and Darbelent’s translation procedures in the translation. The following table presents the data in a form of number.
37 Researcher reviewed and calculated the precentage from the table data which can
be seen in the appendix.
B. Occurrence Frequency of Vinay and Darbelnets Translation