Vinay and Dalbernet Translation Procedures in Djenars Painting

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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two parts where the researcher discusses the results of the research. There is an additional part which has a relation with the main part. The main part discusses the translation procedures used in Djenar Maesa Ayu’s Melukis Jendela. Whereas the additional part points out the occurence of the procedures in Painting a Window. The researcher calculated the results and presented it as a calculated data in a form of precentage.

A. Vinay and Dalbernet Translation Procedures in Djenars Painting

a Window Research results section contains the data collected from Djenar’s Painting a Window. The data were categorized into different group according to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory on Translation Procedures. In categorizing the data, the researcher uses the methods described in the previous chapter, Methodology. The researcher underlined the sentences, phrases, or words in the source and target language for the parts using V inay and Darbelnet’s certain translation procedures. Table 4.1 contains the list of data sentences, phrases, and words from Painting a Window which used Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures. 28 The sample of the data collection results can be seen from the following tables:

a. Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest procedure of all translation procedures proposed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet. The nature of borrowing is to introduce the element of the source language into the target language by simply borrows the original words. Table 4.1 Sample Data of Borrowing Procedure SL.003 Maka ia mulai melukis seorang ibu, bersanggul dan berkebaya emas dengan selendang coklat muda yang kontras dengan kain berwarna coklat tua yang dikenakannya, sedang duduk memangku Mayra sambil menatap mata Mayra hangat dan mesra. TL.003 So she began to paint a mother, with hair done up in a formal bun and wearing a golden kebaya and a light brown scarf contrasted with the brown saroong that she wore. In the painting she was sitting with Mayra on her lap, gazing into her daughters eyes affectionately. Borrowing 29 SL.024 Wah… Anton KO sama cewek TL.024 Whoa Anton got knocked out by a girl Equivalence Table 4.1 shows that the translation used borrowing procedure. It can be seen from the word kebaya which is literally translated into the original word kebaya . As Vinay and Darbelnet’s points out that borrowing introduces the taste of the source language’s culture or tradition, Garcia applied borrowing properly to translate kebaya. By applying this procedure, the readers will gain an opportunity to learn about Indonesian culture. The second example in SL.024 is KO which is basically an English abbreviation for knocked out. In this sentence, the translator did not make any dramatic change despite breaking down the abbreviation into the original phrasal word of knocked out. KO or knocked out is obviously a borrowing from English to Bahasa Indonesia.

b. Calque

A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The result is either a i lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression; or ii a structural calque. 30 Table 4.2 Sample Data of Calque Procedure SL.073 Ia meluapkan kegembiraannya. TL.073 She let her joy bubble over, … Calque SL.079 Ayah dan Ibu menciumnya bertubi- tubi. TL.079 Mommy and Daddy kissed her over and over again. Calque The idea of calque procedure is to deliver an expression form then translates it into the target language without violating the linguistics structure. Generally almost the same as borrowing but calque procedure enables the translator to deliver it using the target language. SL.073 shows an expressions of joy from the word kegembiraan. It is not an ordinary joy but the overflowing one, as further described by using the verb meluapkan. In TL.073 the translator used the word bubble over to deliver the message of the overflowing feeling that Mayra experienced. The translator put it together in a sentence into “She let her joy bubble over, ...” which best described what Mayra felt. The same case happened in TL.079 where the word bertubi-tubi which means non-stop is translated into over and over again.

c. Literal

The third procedure of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures is literal translation procedure. Literal translation procedure is most commonly used 31 when translating between two languages of the same family. This procedure directly transfers the source language into the target language. Table 4.3 Sample Data of Literal Procedure SL.006 Ia mendengar Ibu dengan lembut mengatakan segalanya akan membaik esok hari. TL.006 She heard her mother softly say everything would be better tomorrow. Literal SL.051 Ia tersenyum. TL.051 She smiled. Literal SL.057 Sudah hampir dua tahun sejak Mayra menyayat mukanya. TL.057 It was almost two years since Mayra cut her face. Literal SL.062 SL.062 Siang itu Mayra sangat bahagia. TL.062 TL.062 That afternoon Mayra was very happy. Literal Literal There are several examples of literal translation in table 4.3. In SL. The sentences from table 4.3 are transalated word to word from Bahasa Indoneasia to English. The most obvious example is from SL. 051. Ia tersenyum, the word ia refer to Mayra so the pr onoun is “she” and tersenyum is a verb meaning smile in English. Then, the final literal translation for “Ia tersenyum.” is “She smiled.” The same procedure applied in SL.057 and SL. 062. There is one example of quite complex version of litereal translation, which can be seen in SL. 006. Nothing complicated but there is one word which needs more elaboration to be translated 32 in English. The word Ibu which means mother, gets some additional replacement to make a clear point that it refers to Mayra’s mother. In this transalation, the translator uses possesive noun and translated as “... her mother.”

d. Transposition

Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class of certain elements of translation. Table 4.4 Sample Data of Transposition Procedure SL.080 Mayra merasa geli dan girang. TL.080 It tickled her … Transposition SL.116 Kepada Ayah dan Ibu ia sudah tidak punya pengharapan apa-apa. TL.116 She had no more expectations whatsoever of her mother and father. Transposition SL.124 Bayangan rambut hitam laki-laki yang tergerai hingga dada menari-nari tertiup angin di atas kuda putih tak berpelana. TL.124 In her imagination the man rode bareback on a white horse. His black hair hung down his chest, dancing in the wind. Transposition 33 Transposition procedure is a procedure of changing the word class without changing the meaning or message. As can be seen in TL.080 Where the subject is Mayra, in the source language, the translator moved it all the way around. The translator change Mayra as the object and the action that tickled her as subject without changing the meaning or message. The same action of swifting the subject all the way into object occured in TL.116 and TL.124. In SL.116 it is the father and mother playing the role as a subject in the sentence but then the translator change it to an object and vice versa. As in TL.080 and TL.116, TL.124 also applied the same method of changing the subject into the object and vice versa. In TL.124, Mayra’s imagination plays a role as a subject and the imaginary man as an object.

e. Modulation

The fifth translation procedure is the modulation procedure. Modulation procedure let the translator to translate the source language in different points of view. Once again, this procedure is free to use as long as it does not violate the meaning or the message from the source language. Table 4.5 Sample Data of Modulation Procedure SL.021 Mereka kembali tertawa sambil memegangi perut. TL.021 They all started laughing again, and grabbed her around the midriff. Modulation 34 SL.117 Ia sudah menerima bahwa kenyataan itulah yang mutlak ia telan bulat-bulat. TL.117 She had already accepted this was reality, she had to swallow it unconditionally. Modulation The fourth procedure is called modulation. It is simply applied by changing the point of view without violating the message. SL.021 delivers a simple message of the boys laughing at Mayra. Then, in TL.021 some changes were made where the translator added some more words to points out some details of the actions. Eventhough there were some addition in the sentence, it does not necessarily changed the message from the source language. The traslator added “again” as the boys laughed several times before. There are some more words added to let the readers get some insights and visualization regarding the action. The changes can be seen from this little part of the sentence, “ ... grabbed her around the midriff.” TL.117 also used the same method of delivering message by using transposition procedure.

f. Equivalence

Idioms are usually translated by using equivalence procedure. Equivalence enables the translator to observe the message certain unfamiliar phrases or idioms 35 from the source language and then translate it into the commonly used phrases or idioms in the target language. Table 4.6 Sample Data of Equivalence Procedure SL.020 Biar kami garap sekalian TL.020 We should have a go at her too Equivalence SL.141 Seperti kerbau dicucuk hidungnya mereka mengikuti langkah Mayra menuju kantin. TL.141 Like water buffaloes led by the nose, they followed her steps to the canteen. Equivalence There are two samples presented in table 4.6 . The first one is the word garap which is translated into water have a go in SL. 020. The word garap is an expression which carries a meaning getting an act on something. In SL. 020 the word garap is translated into have a go which have the same equivalence as getting an act on something. SL.141 is a unique example of equivalence as the original source is using Indonesian proverb. Vinay and Darbelnet in his book suggested that it is better to translate a proverb using equivalence procedure. The reason behind it is that as it is a local proveb that might contains some cultural knowledge and meanings, translator does not w ant to deliver a wrong message. The equivalence of “Seperti kerbau dicucuk hidungnya ...” is best translated into “Like water buffaloes led by the nose ...” 36

g. Adaptation

The last translation procedure is called adaptation. In general, adaptation procedure is adapting certain segment of source language and then applied the adopted worh in the target language. Adaptation enables the translator adapt the situation so that it can describe events equivalent in the target culture with the events described in the text of the source language. Table 4.7 Sample Data of Adaptation Procedure SL.173 Mereka lebih mirip bidadari ketimbang anak manusia. TL.173 … looking more like fairies than human children. Adaptation and Calque Note: SL: Source Language; TL: Target Language Table 4.7 shows that Garcia used adaptation procedure to translate bidadari into fairies. Bidadari in Indonesia is illustrated as a princess or a goddess from heaven than fairy is a type of mythical being which is illustrated as a small sparkly creature with wings. In conclusion, bidadari and fairy are two different kind of creatures. The discussion is given to each points of Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedure in general. This section presents the calculation of the occurrence frequency of each translation procedure. Some examples will are already explained in section A of this chapter. This section will mainly discuss the percentage of occurence of Vinay and Darbelent’s translation procedures in the translation. The following table presents the data in a form of number. 37 Researcher reviewed and calculated the precentage from the table data which can be seen in the appendix.

B. Occurrence Frequency of Vinay and Darbelnets Translation