11 Larson further explains, a translator needs to learn about every aspects of
language, such as lexicon, grammar, cultural context and communication situation 1984;4. The text need to be analyzed in order to establish the meaning and then
transfer it to TL appropriately on behalf of every language aspects. It is on the translator’s hand to choose the most agreeable definitions of translation proposed
by the expertise. The ultimate goal of translation is to deliver the meaning of the text in a natural way, no matter what side translator stand behind.
Larson 1984, p.6 presented three criteria of the best translation.The first one is that best translation uses normal language form of the target language.
When a translation uses a normal form of the target language, the translation language forms will become more natural. Second is the generous amount of
communication between the target language speaker and the source language speaker using the same meaning that was understood by both groups. The last one
is to maintain the dynamics of the source language text originality. Maintaining the dynamics of the source language text originality means that the translation can
hopefully evoke the respose in the same way as the source language did.
2. Vinay and Darbelnet’s Translation Procedures
a. Borrowing
In general speaking, borrowing is the the simplest of all translation methods. Vinay and Darlbernet 1958, p.84 agreed that borrowing is the
proper method to overcome a lacuna or gap. p.84 This method can be applied to
12 introduce a characteristic of the culture that was delivered in the source language
into a foreign term. For example, some Italian and German food names such as pizza and lasagna or frankfurter and bratwurst. As a Bahasa Indonesia speaking
country, Japanese words like tsunami and karaoke are already familiar. As Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 said that, many borrowings enter a language through
translation. New borrowings are waiting to enter a language when the decision to borrow a source language SL word or expression for introducing an element of
local color is a matter of style and consequently of the message SL: I ate pizza yesterday.
TL: Saya makan pizza kemarin. As can be seen above, the linguistic features are the same as the source language
text and target language.
b. Calque
Calque is a translation of the word-by-word literal of a phrase or even a word in the source language into the target language by maintaining a sequence of
linguistic units phrase or word original. Calque produces linguistic forms meaning and structure of the phrase on the same target language to the source
language Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:85. This is actually a loan that was translated literally without changing the composition of the morpheme or word.
Consider the following example: English
: Antibody Indonesian : Antibodi
13 English
: Blue blood Indonesian : Darah Biru
English : Spiderman
Indonesian : Spiderman In Bahasa Indonesia it is possible to literary translate it into Manusia Laba-
laba. Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The
result is either a i lexical calque, as in the first example, below, i.e. a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst introducing a new mode of
expression; or ii a structural calque, as in the second example, below, which introduces a new construction into the language, e.g.:
English-French calque Adam’s Apple -
pomme dAdam English-Latin calque
Rest in Peace - requiescat in pace Almost similar to borrowing, calque translates the source language into the
target language without adding any necessary changes. The examples above are called structural calque translation. English and French do not share the same root
language, that is why there are some differences in the translation, structurally. However, these small differences do not change the meaning and the message of
the translation at all. It will be a different case when French and Italian are compared since they are basically share the same root language and even cultures.
14 On the other hand, as English and Latin shares the same root since the root
of English is Latin, there is no difference in the translation, structurally. The researcher does not need to make any adjustment to the translation since they
share the same structural arrangement. Therefore, it is easier to apply calque procedure when the source language and the target language share the same root
language. As with borrowings, there are many fixed calques which, after a period of
time, become an integral part of the language. These too, like borrowings, may have undergone a semantic change, turning them into faux amis.
c. Literal Translation
The next translation procedure of Jean- Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s
translation procedures is the literal translation. Literal translation procedure also known as word to word translation is the commonly used translation procedure
among all Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:86. This procedure lets the translator to directly translate the source language into the target language into grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate translation. Below is the example of a literal translation.
SL: Yesterday I met Mary in the canteen. TL: Kemarin saya bertemu Mary di kantin.
It is obvious that the sentences above, both the source language sentence and the target language sentence share the same grammatical structure. Each word
in the target language translation is translated exactly the same translation of the
15 source language sentence. That is why literal translation procedure is also known
as word to word translation. This translation procedure is also known as the simplest procedure of all
Jean- Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet’s translation procedures. Borrowing becomes
the simplest procedure out of all translation procedures simply because it limits the translation only to observe the language and translate the word into the best
closest translation of the target language. However, there are five important indicators which can measure when the
use of literal translation procedure is unacceptable. Literal translation procedure is unacceptable when it: i gives another meaning ; ii has no meaning, or; iii is
structurally impossible, or; iv does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the target language, or; v has a corresponding
expression, but not within the same register. When these five indicators occured, translator must turn the method into the oblique translation. These indicators do
not necessarily appear all together in a translation. However, when one of the indicators appears in a translation, then the translation should be considered as an
unacceptable translation.
d. Transposition
Another translation procedure is transposition. It is a procedure that can change the arrangement of the words in the sentence. Its main characteristic is to
change the type of the verb into a noun or vice versa. Yet, this procedure does not necessarily change the meaning of the sentence. In fact, every word class changes,
16 for example from a noun into a verb, an adjective into an adverb, can be called
transposition Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:88. See the following example:
SL: Setelah dia berdiri, saya menjatuhkan sendok tersebut. TL: As soon as he gets up, I dropped the spoon.
In the above example, setelah belongs to preposition word class which means after. Setelah is translated into the target language as as long as. As long as
on the other hand, is a conjuction. It is obvious that the original word from the source language which belongs to the preposition word class is changed into a
conjuction. From a stylistic point of view, the base and the transposed expression do not
necessarily share the same value. Translators must, therefore, choose to carry out a transposition if the translation thus obtained fits better into the utterance, or
allows a particular nuance of style to be retained. Indeed, the transposed form is generally more literary in character.
e. Modulation
Modulation is a transposition that leads to different points of view within the target language TL. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or
even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL Vinay and Darbelnet,
1958:89. SL: Youre quite a stranger.
17 TL: Kamu orang yang aneh.
The above example shows modulation from English to Bahasa Indonesia. Strangers in the example above particularly carries the meaning of a weird guy,
instead of the literal meaning which is an outsider. Therefore, the word aneh which literally means weird, can be used to translate the word stanger.
f. Equivalence
Equivalence or equivalent further distance to the linguistic form of the source language Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:90, Note that the use of word
equivalence or equivalent here has completely different meanings the word equivalence or equivalent in the discussion of translation theory in
general.With this procedure, the translator said wear style and different structures with subtitles sources. This is usually used to translate proverbs, idioms, or the
like. Consider the following examples: SL : It rains cats and dogs.
TL : Hujannya sungguh lebat. SL: Joko tertangkap tangan mencuri kalung.
TL: Joko caught redhanded stealing the necklace. Rain cats and dogs is an English idiom. The real meaning of hujan lebat is
heavy rain. In this case, the translator needs to use the equivalence procedure to deliver the closet equivalence of the idiom. The example of the proper translation
for idioms can be seen from the examples above.
18 The second example is similar to the first one. Tertangkap tangan is an
Indonesian idiom which means someone getting caught doing something. The best english word to translate this idiom is redhanded. Joko got caught when he
tried to steal a necklace. From this sentence, it is clear that Joko is redhanded stealing a necklace. It can be concluded that the use of the equivalence procedure
in both idioms are well executed. Each country has different idioms and this is where equivalence translation
procedure becomes the most efficient procedure to be used as a translation procedure. Equivalence translation procedure enables the translator to observe the
idiom and find the meaning of the idiom in the source language. The next step is, the translator needs to find an idiom in the target language which shares the same
meaning as the idiom from the source language.
g. Adaptation
Last procedure according to Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 is an adaptation. Linguistic form meaning of words and sentence structure generated target
language text further than the equivalence results. Adaptation is done if the situation described in the source language text is not in the target language culture
Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958:90. This procedure enables the translator to adapt the situation so that it can describe events equivalent in the target culture with the
events described in the text of the source language. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a
situational equivalence. The refusal to make an adaptation is invariably detected
19 within a translation because it affects not only the syntactic structure, but also the
development of ideas and how they are represented within the paragraph. Even though translators may produce a perfectly correct text without adaptation, the
absence of adaptation may still be noticeable by an indefinable tone, something that does not sound quite right.
B. Theoretical Framework
