Background Classification Results holdout accuracy rates

2468 Internet network development, software procurement, and so on Arifin, 2007. Educational utilization of information technology is more commonly known as electronic learning or e-learning. Educational development directed into e -learning is a must Triono, 2007 and the need for concept of information techn ology-based teaching and learning is a requisite Widodo, 2008. It has been believed that improvement of education productivity can be achieved by using information technology Witanti, 2008. Development of e -learning in Indonesia is only so limited to t ransfer of e-learning content that communication is only one-way, by which students can download materials of lectures administered by lecturers through web sites of respective universities Adri, 2008. Rapid development of information technology support ed by sophisticated technology creates opportunities for researchers to find solutions for organization problems. Advances of information system lead to the carrying out of educational researches, such as by Wahid and Suryani in Indonesia and by Kurti in Kosovo. Research by Wahid β007 concerned with ―δessons from Implementation of E - learningμ Diffusion of Innovation Perspective.‖ The research dealt with analysis of factors influencing adoption and diffusion of Klasiber, a portal of e -learning. Approach employed in this study was diffusion of Innovation Theory developed by Rogers. Those innovations 2469 were relative advantage , compatibility, complexity, observability, and triability . The purpose of research was to implement e -learning by using Learning Management Systems LMS of Moode open source subsequently called Klasiber. Object of research was Information Technology Faculty of Universitas Islam Indonesia. Method employed was survey. Results indicated that the above five general characteristics of innovat ion proved to influence the pace of Klasiber‘s diffusion and Klasiber, bot by lecturers and students. Study by Suryani 2007 was more concerned with the development of IT Governance in higher education institutions by referring to standards of COBIT 4.0. Processes of model development started with measurement of maturity of current IT Governance followed by a phase of gap and risk analyses in order to identify IT processes urgent to be implemented. Result was a proposed model of IT Governance sufficiently appropriate to the higher education institution ―X‖ that was the setting of the research. Subsequently, validity test was conducted to the model. One of recent studies of e-learning was conducted by Kurti 2008 entitled ―Students‟s experience on eMesimi: an e-learning system in University of Pristhina, Kosovo. ‖ The research employed Octagonal εodel approach as suggested by Khan. The constructed e -learning model was based on three domains: educational, technological, and organizational. The e-learning had been applied in the university of research object, the 2470 researcher being only evaluated its application. Method used was qualitative exploratory method by using questionnaire administered to students and interview to senior and junior lecturers as data coll ection. Results indicated a difference in viewpoint on e-learning utilization among senior and junior lecturers. Differences of this study and previous studies can be summarizes as follows: Table 1 Similarities and differences of previous studies and pre sent study Aspects Present study Wahid 2007 Suryani 2007 Kurti 2008 Similarity Equally deal with e -learning as special topic Object of research is higher education institutions Employ qualitative method Use approach of some experts in analysi s and construction of model Difference Present study Wahid Suryani Kurti Purpose Construct e- learning model Analysis of e- learning portal Development of IT Governance model Evaluation of e-learning model Process Dick and Carey Design Model Diffusion of Innovation Theory by Rogers Standards of Cobit 4.0 Octagonal Model by Khan Respondent Lecturers and students Students All element of organization Students and senior and junior lecturers Result E-learning model without validity test Effect of innovation on pace of diffusion IT Governance model with validity test Difference in viewpoint of senior lecturers and junior ones on IT utilization So u rce : Processed data, 2008 2471

1.2 Problem Statement

Based on the above background, the pres ent research has two statements of the problem, namely: 1. How to construct models of e-learning and database learning? 2. What is e-learning model appropriate to achieve optimal learning in higher education institutions by using Dick and Carey model?

1.3 Motivation of the Study

Abundant opportunities for every education institution to apply e - learning was, in fact, not supported by optimally utilized information technology. Therefore, the faculties need to be prepared to master skills and creativity in developing content of e-learning in order for the learning to be optimal, that is, more interesting, interactive and the content can be absorbed fully by students. In the future, many higher education institutions are expected to be inspired to make e -learning as their excellencies.

1.4 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the present study is to construct e -learning model appropriate to higher education in order to achieve optimized learning.

1.5 Contribution of the Study

The study contributes to providing an alternative learning model for education where there is no temporal and spatial differences between educator 2472 and the educated. Model of e-learning with Dick and Carey approach can be used in all level of education elementary, secondary, and higher educati on.

CHAPTER II  THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 Literature Review

There are many terminologies in today‘s education realm that have nearly the same connotations, namely web-base learning, online learning, computer-based learning and distance learning Effendy, 2005. Electronic learning e-learning is a special combination of technology, especially informatics and education Setiawan, 2005. According to Thompson 2000, ―E-learning is instructional content of learning experiences delivered or enabled by electronic technology.‖ He suggested that the most important elements of e-learning are its contents and delivery by using information technology. In addition, Thompson expressed e -learning advantages of capable of providing flexibility, interactivity, speed and vis ualization through a variety of respective technological advantages. E -learning would be more effectively utilized by using a more extensive computer network of the Internet. E-learning system using the Internet is also called Internet- enabled learning Nurhayati et al. 2008. Instructional materials are critical factors in developing e -learning materials. Consequently, a basic and clear principle of development is required. In doing so, a principle of Instructional Design can be used